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| No. | Name of constituent | Phytochemical group | Herbal plant and part | Medicinal value | Toxic effects | Reference | Toxicity compared with other assays |
| Survival/mortality rate | Teratogenic and other toxic effects |
|
| 1 | | Five anthraquinones, seven anthrones, and two naphthols | Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., whole plant | Antiageing, antihyperlipidaemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and immunomodulating effects | LD50 values have been calculated for each compound at 48, 72 and 96 hpf | Notochord malformations were observed | [34] | Not compared |
| 2 | Matrine | Alkaloids | Kushen in traditional Chinese medicine root of Sophora flavescens | Possessing a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, antivirus, antitumour, and antiarrhythmic activities | EC50 and LC50 values at 145 and 240 mg/L | Oedema, growth retardation has been observed after 48 hrs concentrations below those causing lethality and malformations, indicating a neurotoxic potential of both drugs | [35] | Not compared |
| 3 | Sophocarpine. | | | | EC50 and LC50 values 87.1 and 166 mg/L | | | |
| 4 | Celastrol | Terpenoid | Thunder God vine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F | Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, neurodegenerative diseases and anticancer | Dose-dependent and the LC50 values of celastrol on embryos were approximately 1.40 μM | Several developmental abnormalities, including no blood flow, oedema in pericardial sac, and tail malformation were reported in embryos EC50 for tail malformation was 0.66 μM at 72 hpf | [36] | Not compared |
| 5 | Emodin | An anthraquinone derivative | Rhubarb root and bark of many plants of the genus Rhamnus. | Antidiabetic, antinociception, anticancer and cholesterol reduction potential | Dose-related increase in mortality, with significant death of embryos at 0.25 μg/mL. The LD50 value (at 72 hpf) −0.20 μg/mL | Oedema, crooked trunk, and abnormal morphogenesis of some organs, such as statolith, swimming bladder, and yolk syncytium were reported in embryo treated with 0.1–1.5 μg/mL emodin | [37] | Not compared |
| 6 | Cannabidiol (CBD) | Cannabis | Cannabis sativa whole plant | Neuropsychiatric disorders | CBD all concentrations did not show significant morphological demormaties.
300 μg/L have significantly delayed the hatching of the embryo | Embryos exposed to CBD 20–300 μg/L were 1.4 up to 1.7-fold more active when compared with the control. But difference in acetylcholinesterase | [38] | Not compared |
| 7 | Aristolochic acid (AA) | | Aristolochia or Asarum. | Arthritis, gout, and festering wounds | No significant difference in survival rate between test and controls | AA-treated (10 ppm) embryos significantly reduced glomerular filtration rates compared with the control. Malformed kidney phenotypes, curved, cystic pronephric tubes, pronephric ducts, and cases of atrophic glomeruli were reported | [39] | Not compared |
| 8 | Psoralen | | Psoralea corylifolia L | Psoriasis, vitiligo, osteoporosis, osteosarcoma, bone fracture, and osteomalacia | The values of LC50, LC10, and LC1 at 96 hpf were determined to be 18.24, 13.54, and 10.61 μM. The hatching rate in the 13.54 mM psoralen group (70%) | Yolk retention, swim-bladder deficiency, pericardial oedema, and curved body shape were observed at 24 to 96 hpf in psoralen-treatment embryos. | [40] | Not compared |
| 9 | Isofraxidin 7-O-(6’-O-p-coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside | | Artemisia capillaris Thunberg | Enhanced pigmentation. | Greater than 90% of the treated embryos survived, which did not differ significantly from the control group. | The results revealed compound 1 (25 μM) treated embryos had no developmental defects and displayed normal cardiac function, indicating that this compound enhanced pigmentation without producing toxicity | [41] | Not compared |
| 10 | Evodiamine | Bioactive alkaloid | Evodia rutaecarpa | Abdominal pain, headache, menstrual problems, vomiting, and diarrhea | Concentrations ≥400 ng/mL significantly increased the lethality reached 100% at 1600 ng/mL evodiamine | 10% lethal concentration of 354 ng/mL and induced cardiac malfunction, as evidenced by changes in heart rate and circulation, and pericardial malformations | [42] | Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes |
| 11 | Tanshinone IIA (Tan-IIA) | Diterpene quinone | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | Recommended for cardiovascular disease exhibits various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antifibrosis, modulation of collagen metabolism, and antitumour | The LC50 values in the dechorionated embryo group at 72 hpf and 96 hpf were 18.5 μM and 12.8 μM, respectively.
Normal embryos were less sensitive | Pericardial oedema at 6 μM for 96 hpf and spinal curvature higher concentrations were cardiotoxic | [43] | Not compared |
| 12 | Gambogic acid (GA) | | Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f., | Anticancer | The LC50, LC10, MNLC and EC50 values were calculated as 1.76 μM, 0.8 μM, 0.5 μM and 0.723 μM, respectively | GA at 0.5–1.0 μM caused specific fin developmental defect with the phenotype resembled those caused by thalidomide | [44] | Not compared |
| 13 | Aconitine (AC), Mesaconitine (MAC,) Hypaconitine (HAC)
14-A-benzoylaconine (BAC), 14-a-Benzoylmesaconine (BMAC) Benzoylhypaconine (BHAC) | Diterpene alkaloids (Das)
Monoester diterpene alkaloids (MDA) | Aconitum, Delphinium, Consolida, and Spiraea species | Anti-inflammation, antidepressant, antiarrhythmia, antiplatelet aggregation, and antimalarial properties | Not investigated | Diterpenes including AC, MAC, and HAC exhibited serious organic and functional toxicities in zebrafish embryos compared with that of monoester diterpene alkaloid | [45] | Not compared |
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