Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Phellodendri Cortex: A Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Pharmacokinetic Review

Table 1

Summary of chemical constituents isolated from PC and its different species (140 compounds).


Compound derivatives	Chemical compounds	Methods	References	Original species

Alkaloid	Berberine	(i) UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	(i) [8]	(i) PAC
		(ii) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(ii) [9]	(ii) PCS and PAR
		(iii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(iii) [10]	(iii) PAC
		(iv) HPLC-TLC- NMR-EI-MS	(iv) [11]	(iv) PAR
		(v) HPLC-DAD-MS	(v) [12]	(v) PAR
		(vi) N/A	(vi) [13]	(vi) PAC and PCS
	8,13-dioxo-14-butoxycanadine	CC	[14]	PCS
	Berberrubine	UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	[8]	PAC
	Berberastine	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PAC
	Bis-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]methanone	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Brucine	CE	[16]	PCS
	Δ⁷-dehydrosophoramine	N/A	[17]	PAC
	Dihydrocyclobuxine-D	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	3,4-dihydro-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-7-methoxy-2-methyl-8-isoquinolinol	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	3,4-dihydro-1-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-7-methoxy-2-methyl-6-isoquinolinol	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	7,8-dihydroxyrutaecarpine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	4-dimethylamino-4 -isopropylbenzene	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Evodiamine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Palmatine	(i) UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	(i) [8]	(i) PAC
		(ii) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(ii) [9]	(ii) PCS and PAR
		(iii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(iii) [10]	(iii) PCC
		(iv) HPLC-DAD-MS	(iv) [12]	(iv) PAR
		(v) N/A	(v) [18]	(v) PCS
	Tetrahydropalmatine	UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	[8]	PAC
	Tetrahydroberberine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Phellodendrine	(i) UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	(i) [8]	(i) PAC
		(ii) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(ii) [9]	(ii) PCS and PAR
		(iii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(iii) [10]	(iii) PAC
		(iv) HPLC-DAD-MS	(iv) [12]	(iv) PAR
		(v) N/A	(v) [18]	(v) PAC and PCS
	Magnocurarine	(i) HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	(i) [15]	(i) PAR
	Magnoflorine	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
		(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PCC
		(iii) HPLC-DAD-MS	(iii) [12]	(iii) PAR
		(iv) N/A	(iv) [19]	(iv) PCS
	Jatrorrhizine or Neprotin, 2,9,10-Trimethoxy-5,6-dihydroisoquinolino,1-b]isoquinolin-7-ium-3-ol	(i) UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	(i) [8]	(i) PAC
		(ii) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(ii) [9]	(ii) PCS and PAR
		(iii) HPLC-DAD-MS	(iii) [12]	(iii) PAR
		(iv) N/A	(iv) [19]	(iv) PAC
	13-methoxyjatrorrhizine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Ƴ-Fagarine	CC	[20]	PAR
	Canthin-6-one	CC	[20]	PAR
	4-methoxy-N-methyl-2-quinolone	CC	[20]	PAR
	Oxypalmatine	CC	[20]	PAR
	Candicine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Lotusine	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
	Lotusine	(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PAC
	N-methylhigenamine-7-O-glucopyranoside	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	N-methylhigenamine-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	(−)-Oblongine	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
	(−)-Oblongine	(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PCC
	Isomer-of-berberine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Isomer-of-magnoflorine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR
	Isomer-of-palmatine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Tetrahydroreticuline	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Tetrahydrojatrorrhizine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR
	Menisperine	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
		(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PCC
		(iii) N/A	(iii) [19]	(iii) PAC
	(+) N-methylcorydine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	N-methyl Tetrahydropalmatine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	N-methylflindersine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Litcubine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Hydroxyl-palmatine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	11-hydroxylpalmatine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
13-hydroxypalmatine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
7-hydroxy-8-methoxydedihydrorutaecarpine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
Tetrahydropalmatine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
Xanthoplanine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
N-methylphoebine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
Columbamine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR
Dihydroxyl-jatrorrhizine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
Epiberberine	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
(6aS)-1,2,10,11-tetramethoxy-6,6-dimethyl-5,6,6a,7-tetrahydro-4H-dibenzo quinolinium	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC
Dasycarpamin	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC
Pteleine	HPLC-UV	[21]	PAR
(-)-(R)-platydesmin	HPLC-UV	[21]	PAR
Noroxyhydrastinine	HPLC-UV	[21]	PAR
Chilenine	HPLC-UV	[21]	PAR
Rutecarpine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
Skimmianine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
Tembetarine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
Tetramethyl-O-scutellarin	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC
5,8,13,13a-Tetrahydro-2,9,10,11-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-7-methyl-6H-dibenzoquinolizinium	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
Ƴ-hydroxybutenolide derivatives II	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC

Isoquinoline alkaloid	Armepavine	UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	[8]	PAC
	Demethyleneberberine	UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	[8]	PAC
	8-oxoberberine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	8-oxoepiberberine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	8-oxopalmatine	HPLC-ESI-MS/MS	[15]	PAR
	Oxyberberine	HPLC	[20]	PAR
	Oxypalmatine	HPLC	[20]	PAR

Limonoid	Kihadanin B	N/A	[19]	PAC
	Niloticin	N/A	[18]	PAC
	Niloticin acetate	N/A	[18]	PCS
	Obaculactone or limonin	(i) UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS	(i) [8]	(i) PAC
		(ii) CC	(ii) [20]	(ii) PAR
		(iii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(iii) [10]	(iii) PCC
		(iv) HPLC-TLC- NMR- EI-MS	(iv) [11]	(iv) PAC
		(v) N/A	(v) [18]	(v) PAC
	Derivative of obaculactone	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC
	Obacunone or Obacunoic acid	(i) CC	(i) [20]	(i) PAR
		(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PCC
		(iii) HPLC-TLC- NMR- EI-MS	(iii) [11]	(iii) PAC
		(iv) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(iv) [9]	(iv) PAR
		(v) N/A	(v) [18]	(v) PAC
	12α-hydroxylimonin	CC	[20]	PAR
	Piscidinol A	N/A	[18]	(i) PCS
	Rutaevin	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PAR
	Rutaevin	(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PCC
	Coniferin	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Vanilloloside	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	N-methyltetrahydrocolumbamine	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC

N-acyl amines	Herculin	N/A	[19]	PAC

Phenolic acid	Ferulic acid	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
	Ferulic acid	(ii) HPLC-TLC- NMR- EI-MS	(ii) [11]	(ii) PAC
	Methyl ferulate	CC	[4]	PCS
	Protocatechuic acid	CC	[4]	PCS

Quinic acid	Quinic acid	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PAC
	Neo-chlorogenic acid	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR
	3-O-feruloylquinic acid	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
	3-O-feruloylquinic acid	(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PAC
	3-O-feruloylquinic acid glucoside	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC
	4-O-feruloylquinic acid	HPLC	[22]	PCS
	5-O-feruloylquinic acid	HPLC	[22]	PCS
	Chlorogenic acid	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
		(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PAC
		(iii) HPLC	(iii) [23]	(iii) PAR
		(iv) HPLC-DAD-MS	(iv) [12]	(iv) PAR
	Methyl 3-O-feruloylquinate	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Methyl 5-O-feruloylquinate	NMR	[24]	PAR
	3-Feruoyl-4-caffeoylquinic acid	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	Sanleng acid	NMR	[25]	PAC

Hydroxycinnamic acid	Caffeic Acid Methyl Ester	HPLC	[22]	PCS

Phytosterol	β-Sitosterol	N/A	[18]	PAC

Lignan	(+/-)-lyoniresinol	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PAR
	(+/-)-5,5′-dimethoxylariciresinol-4-O-glucoside	(i) HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	(i) [9]	(i) PCS and PAR
	(+/-)-5,5′-dimethoxylariciresinol-4-O-glucoside	(ii) UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	(ii) [10]	(ii) PCC
	Syringaresinol di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR
	(-)-Syringaresinol	CC	[4]	PCS

Flavonoid	Amurensin	N/A	[13]	PAC
	Quercetin	HPLC-TLC- NMR- EI-MS	[11]	PAC
	Phellamurin	N/A	[18]	PAC
	Phellatin	N/A	[18]	PAC
	Phellavin	N/A	[18]	PAC
	Phellodendroside	N/A	[18]	PAC
	β-anhydronoricaritin	UV	[26]	PAR
	Icariside-1	UV	[26]	PAR
	Phellamuretin	UV	[26]	PAR
	Phelloside	UV	[26]	PAR
	Dihydrophelloside	UV	[26]	PAR
	Isovaleric acid	UV	[26]	PAR
	Kaempferol	UV	[26]	PAR
	D-glucose	UV	[26]	PAR

Rutaceae	Noricariside	N/A	[18]	PAC

Stigmastane	7-Dehydrostigmasterol	N/A	[17]	PAC

Coumarin	3-acetyl-3,4-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-1H-2-benzopyran-1-one	CC	[27]	PCS

Monosaccharide	Syringin	NMR	[25]	PAC
	Daucosterol	NMR	[25]	PAC

Paraben	N-propyl paraben	HPLC	[5]	PC

Phenolic lactone	Phellolactone	CC	[4]	PCS

Ferulate	N-butyl Ferulate	CC	[4]	PCS
	Amurenlactone A	CC	[4]	PCS
	Amurenamide A	NMR	[25]	PAC

Hydroxybenzaldehyde	4-hydroxybenzaldehyde	CC	[4]	PCS

Phenolic aldehyde	Vanillin	CC	[4]	PCS

Glycoside	Sinapyl aldehyde-4-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside	NMR	[24]	PAR
	3,4,5-Trimetoxyphenol O-β-D-glucopyranoside	HPLC	[22]	PCS
	2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside	HPLC	[22]	PCS
	2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol-1-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl (1–6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR
	2-(p-hydroxyphenyl) -ethanol-1-O-β-D-glucoside	UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS	[10]	PCC
	3, 5-dihydroxybenzoicacid-O-xylopyranosyl-glucopyranoside	HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS²	[9]	PCS and PAR

Phenolic glycoside	Tachioside	HPLC	[22]	PCS

Glucoside	Salidroside	HPLC	[22]	PCS
	4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol	HPLC	[22]	PCS

Phenol	Methyl syringate	HPLC	[22]	PCS

Dehydrovomifoliol	(6S)-dehydrovomifoliol	HPLC	[22]	PCS
	(6R,7aR)-epiloliolide	HPLC	[22]	PCS

PAC: phellodendri amurensis cortex
PCS: phellodendron chinense schneid
PAR: phellodendron amurense rupr.
PCC: phellodendri Chinensis cortex
UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry
CC: column chromatography
CE: capillary electrophoresis
HPLC/MSD: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection
UPLC–Qthe -TOF-MS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole TOF-MS
HPLC– ESI-MS2: high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled with photodiode array detection
UPLC-Q/TOF-HDMS: ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight high-definition mass spectrometry
UV: UV detection
EI-MS: Electron ionization mass spectrometry
NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance
TLC: Thin-layer chromatography
HPLC-DAD-MS: high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and mass spectrometry