Phellodendri Cortex: A Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Pharmacokinetic Review

Table 6

Pharmacological activities of PC and processed PC.

Pharmacological Activity	Tested Substance	In vivo/ In vitro	Model or sample	Active concentration	Administration (In vivo)	References
Anti-inflammatory effect	PAR extract with voucher specimens	In vitro	BV2 cells (Mouse microglial cell line)	100 μg/ml		[28]
	PCC extract	In vivo, in vitro	12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced mouse ear edema	(i) TPA and AA tests: 0.5 mg/ear; (ii) TPA multiple application: 1 mg/ear; (iii) DTH test: 1 mg/ear	Topical application	[29]
	PCC extract with voucher specimens	In vivo, in vitro	lipopolysaccharides-induced systemic inflammation mice model and macrophage RAW 264.7 cells	1,10,100 μg/mL	Oral administration	[30]
	Ethanol extract of PCC with voucher specimens	In vivo	12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate- induced ear edema in mice	200-400 mg/kg	Administered intragastrically	[3]
	PAR methanol extract with voucher specimens	In vitro, in vivo	ICR mice and male Wistar rats	IC50: Methanol extract 20.9 ± 3.8 μg/mL; Non-alkaloids; 22.0 μg/mL; Limonin 15.8 ± 5.2 μm; Obakunone; 2.6 ± 1.1 μm	Oral administration	[11]
	PCC methanol extract with voucher specimens	In vivo	Lipopolysaccharides- induced acute airway inflammation on a mouse model	100, 200 and 400 mg/kg	Administrated by gavage	[31]
	Demethyleneberberine	In vivo	Acute colitis mice model	150,300 mg/kg	Oral administration	[32]
Anti-bacterial effect	Ethanol Extract of PAR; Aqueous extract of PAR	In vitro	Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa	MIC and MBC: 3.676 mg/ml and 7.353 mg/ml for ethanol extract; 6.25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml for aqueous extract		[33]
	PCC extract with voucher specimens	In vitro	Streptococcus. mitis,; Streptococcus. sanguis,; Streptococcus. mutans,; Streptococcus. gingivalis	2.5 g/ml		[34]
	PCC extract	In vitro	Mycoplasma hominis	0.24-250 mg/ml		[35]
	Aqueous extract of PCC	In vivo, In vitro	S. Typhimurium 21 infected mouse model	2.5 or 5 mg/day	Administrated by gavage	[36]
	Berberine in PAR	In vitro	Staphylococcus aureus	32 to 128 μg/mL		[37]
	Berberine in PCS	In vitro	P. aeruginosa	100 ml		[38]
	PCC	In vitro	Propionibacterium acnes	MIC50%: 24 μg/mL; MIC90%: 190 μg/mL		[39]
Anti-fungal effect	Berberine hydrochloride, palmatine hydrochloride	In vitro, In vivo	Microsporum Canis –induced dermatitis in rabbits	1 mg/ml	Administered through the sterile pipette tip	[40]
Anti-viral effect	Ethanol extract of PAR; Aqueous extract of PAR	In vitro	African green monkey kidney cells	6.73 ± 0.87 mg/ml for aqueous extract; 4.26 ± 0.59 mg/ml for ethanol extract		[33]
	Aqueous extract of PAR with voucher specimens	In vitro, in vivo	H1N1, H5N2, H7N3 or H9N2 infected BALB/c mice	0.8 μg/g in a total volume of 200 μl at 1, 3 and 5 days before infection	Oral administration	[41]
Anti-tumor effect	PCS extract with voucher specimens	In vitro	(i) Leukemic cell lines K562; (ii) Leukemic cell lines HEL; (iii) Breast cancer cell line MDA; (iv) Prostate cancer cell line PC3	(i) IC50 of Compound 1: 7.66 ±2.08; (ii) IC50 of compound 3: 14.30 ± 1.93; (iii) IC50 of compound 4: 11.81 ± 2.79		[42]
	PCC extract	In vivo, in vitro	Prostate cancer cell infested Male BALB/c-nude mice model	1.6 g/kg per day for 28 days	Administered intragastrically	[43]
	Aqueous extract of PCS with voucher specimens	In vitro In vivo	Sarcoma 180 ascites cells implanted Mice model	2 mg/100g; 5 mg/100g; 10 mg/100g	Injected intraperitoneally daily for 10 days	[44]
Anti-gout effect	Compounds of Si-Miao-Wan (containing PCC)	In vivo	Male Sprague-Dawley rats	1.0 ml/100 g	Oral administration	[45]
	PCS extract with voucher specimens	In vivo	Uricase inhibitor potassium oxonate induced male ICR mice model	480 mg/kg	Oral or intraperitoneal administration	[46]
Anti-ulcer effect	Ethanol extract of PCC with voucher specimens	In vivo In vitro	Acetic acid-induced chronic gastric ulcers on Sprague Dawley rats model	30 mg/kg/day	Administered intragastrically once a day for seven days.	[47]
	Aqueous extract of PCC	In vivo	Ethanol-induced gastric lesions on Male Wistar rats model	100 mg/kg	Oral administration	[48]
Anti-oxidant effect	Ethanol extract of PAR; Aqueous extract of PAR	In vitro	For anti-microbial Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes,; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Anti-herpes simplex virus tested on African green monkey kidney cells	25 mg/ml		[33]
	Phellodendrine isolated from PCC extract	In vivo	AAPH-induced oxidative stress on zebrafish embryo model	200 μg/mL	Waterborne exposure	[49]
Sun screening effect	PCC extract + 50% ethanol	In vitro	PC extract+50% ethanol	0.5 mg/ml		[50]
	PCC extract	In vivo	UVB lamp inflicted skin lesions on the dorsal of the rats model	200, 400 or 800 mg/kg, once daily for 11 days	Oral administration	[51]
Bone-growth effect	PCC extract	In vivo	72 intact 21-day-old female Sprague–Dawley rats	100 and 300 mg/kg	Oral administration	[52]
Hemostatic effect	PCC Carbonisatus-carbon dots	In vivo In vitro	Mouse tail amputation and liver scratch on male Kunming mice models	5, 2 and 1 mg/kg	Subcutaneous administration	[53]
Neuroprotective effect	PCC extract with voucher specimens	In vitro	PC-12 cells	10 and 30 μg/mL		[54]
	PCC and PAC extract with voucher specimens	In vitro	PC-12 cells	0.1 and 1 g/ml for 2 hours		[55]
Counter-atopic dermatitis effect	Salt processed PAC extract with voucher specimens	In vivo	2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene induced skin lesions on the NC/Nga mice model	200 μl	Topical administration	[56]
Counter-diabetic nephropathy effect	PAR aqueous extract	In vivo	Streptozotocin-induced diabetes on male Sprague-Dawley rats model	379 mg/kg	Oral administration	[57]
	Berberine	In vivo	Streptozotocin-induced diabetes on male Wistar rats model	200 mg/kg once a day for 12 weeks	Oral intubation	[58]
Immunity suppressing effect	Phellodendrine and cyclophosphamide isolated from PCC in saline water	In vivo	ddY mice, BALB/c mice, and Hartlay guinea pigs	(i) 0.1 ml/10 g for mice; (ii) 1 ml for guinea pigs	Administered intraperitoneally	[59]
Anti-asthmatic effect	n-butyl alcohol extract of PCS with voucher specimens	In vivo	BALB/c mice asthmatic model induced by saline solution	The IC50 of n-butyl alcohol extract of PCS was 12.2 ± 1.3 μg/mL	intranasally	[6]