Chinese Herbal Complex ‘Bu Shen Jie Du Fang’ (BSJDF) Modulated Autophagy in an MPP⁺-Induced Cell Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Figure 5

The formation of autophagosomes in treated cells was evaluated by TEM. (a) the normal group; (b) the rapamycin group; (c) the PD model group; (d) the BSJDF group; (e) the 3-MA group; (f) the NH₄CL group. The arrowheads autophagy (scale bar: 2.0 μm). “Red arrow” indicates autophagosomes.