Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway by Amomum villosum Extract Suppresses LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Figure 2

Effects of AVEE on the inductions of NO and inflammatory cytokines by LPS. RAW 264.7 cells were pretreated with the various concentrations of AVEE (12.5, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL) 3 h before LPS stimulation, and then for a further 18 h in the presence of LPS (1 μg/mL). No concentrations were measured using a Griess reagent system (a). PGE₂ (b), TNF-α (c), and IL-1β (d) expressions were quantified by ELISA as described in Materials and Methods. Results are presented as the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. versus treatment naïve controls. and versus LPS controls.

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