Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway by Amomum villosum Extract Suppresses LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro and Ex Vivo

Figure 5

Effects of AVEE on SnPP-induced proinflammatory enzyme and cytokine levels. RAW 264.7 cells were incubated with SnPP (an HO-1 inhibitor) for 1 h treated with AVEE at 100 μg/mL for 3 h and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL). NO (a), PGE₂ (b), TNF-α (c), and IL-1β (d) levels were assessed by ELISA as described in Materials and Methods. Results are presented as the means ± SDs of three independent experiments. versus treatment naïve controls. and versus the indicated group.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)