Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oil of Echinops kebericho Mesfin: An In Vitro Study

Table 1

Antifungal activity of Echinops kebericho EO against pathogenic fungi using the agar well diffusion method. ND, Not determined; —, No zone of inhibition observed. , compared with C. krusei; , compared with C. krusei; , compared with C. krusei; , compared with C. krusei; , compared with C. krusei; , compared with C. krusei. Values are the means of the zone of inhibition ± SD of three replicates (N = 3 replications).

Concentration (mg/ml)	Zones of inhibition (mm) (mean ± SD)
	Aspergillus flavus	Candida krusei	Candida glabrata	Candida parapsilosis	Cryptococcus neoformans	Candida albicans
10	—	10 ± 2	13 ± 1	15 ± 4	17 ± 2	14 ± 3
5	—	9 ± 1	12 ± 1	13 ± 5	17 ± 2	14 ± 3
2.5	—	8 ± 1	11 ± 2	12 ± 3	15 ± 2	14 ± 3^#
1.25	—	8 ± 1	10 ± 2	12 ± 5	13 ± 2	12 ± 2
0.625	—	6 ± 1	11 ± 3	10 ± 4	9 ± 2	12 ± 3^#
0.313	—	5 ± 1	10 ± 2	8 ± 4	11 ± 1	13 ± 3^###
0.156	—	3 ± 1	8 ± 1	8 ± 4	7 ± 4	12 ± 4^###
0.078	—	3 ± 1	7 ± 1	6 ± 3	6 ± 2	10 ± 1^##
0.039	—	3 ± 1	6 ± 0	5 ± 2	5 ± 2	9 ± 2^#
Fluconazole	ND	12 ± 3	17 ± 3	22 ± 2	19 ± 3	22 ± 1^###
Amphotericin B	15 ± 1	ND	ND	ND	ND	ND
DMSO	—	—	—	—	—	—