| | Study | Diagnostic criteria | Number of participants | Male proportion | Age (years) | Course of T2DM (years) | Intervention drugs (dosage) | Treatment course | Outcome | Adverse event |
| | Sun, 2018 [21] | WHOT2D | A: 50 | A: 56.0% | A: 56.8 ± 6.5 | A: 2.6 ± 0.5 | A: GQD (30.5 g, BID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG | Included | | B: 50 | B: 52.0% | B: 55.8 ± 5.6 | B: 2.9 ± 0.8 | B: metformin (250 mg, BID) |
| | Guo, 2019 [22] | CGT2D | A: 135 | A: 51.8% | A: 60.5 ± 1.4 | A: 6.6 ± 1.7 | A: GQD (60 g, BID) | 24 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 135 | B: 52.6% | B: 60.4 ± 1.3 | B: 6.5 ± 1.6 | B: metformin (<2000 mg/d) |
| | Zhu, 2018 [23] | CGT2D | A: 60 | A: 56.7% | A: 52.3 ± 6.8 | A: 6.7 ± 3.2 | A: GQD (60 g, BID) | 24 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 60 | B: 55.0% | B: 52.0 ± 6.8 | B: 6.7 ± 3.1 | B: metformin (250–500 mg, TID) |
| | Fan et al., 2017 [24] | WHOT2D | A: 35 | A: 60.0% | A: 36.4 ± 7.1 | A: 3.1 ± 1.7 | A: GQD (30.5 g, BID) | 8 weeks | FPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 35 | B: 54.3% | B: 38.0 ± 6.5 | B: 3.4 ± 1.5 | B: metformin (850 mg, BID) |
| | Cheng, 2018 [25] | CGT2D | A: 30 | A: 46.7% | A: 54.4 ± 6.5 | NR | A: GQD (26.5 g, BID) | 4 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | Included | | C: 30 | C: 43.3% | C: 54.2 ± 6.0 | C: GQD (26.5 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, TID) | | B: 30 | B: 56.7% | B: 55.9 ± 6.0 | B: metformin (500 mg, TID) |
| | Jiang, 2017 [26] | WHOT2D | C: 48 | C: 54.2% | C: 48.9 ± 3.1 | C: 5.0 ± 1.0 | C: GQD (25 g, BID) + metformin (0.25–1 g, BID) | 12 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 48 | B: 58.3% | B: 48.5 ± 3.2 | B: 4.8 ± 0.8 | B: metformin (0.25–1 g, BID) |
| | Zhang and Cai, 2016 [27] | WHOT2D | C: 80 | C: 56.2% | C: 44.5 ± 11.3 | NR | C: GQD (60 g, BID) + metformin (0.25–1 g, BID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 80 | B: 58.8% | B: 43.8 ± 10.5 | B: metformin (0.25–1 g, BID) |
| | Wei, 2018 [28] | WHOT2D | C: 42 | C: 61.9% | C: 47.5 ± 6.0 | C: 4.5 ± 2.4 | C: GQD (NR, BID) + metformin (NR) | 12 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 42 | B: 57.1% | B: 47.2 ± 5.1 | B: 4.1 ± 2.3 | B: metformin (NR) |
| | Li, 2018 [29] | WHOT2D | C: 40 | NR | C: 52.1 ± 4.2 | C: 6.8 ± 3.4 | C: GQD (60 g, BID) + metformin (0.25–1 g, BID) | 8 weeks | FPG | NR | | B: 42 | B: 51.7 ± 3.9 | B: 6.3 ± 2.5 | B: metformin (0.25–1 g, BID) |
| | Zheng, 2017 [30] | WHOT2D | C: 48 | C: 58.3% | C: 52.3 ± 8.3 | C: 5.7 ± 1.2 | C: GQD (60 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, BID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG | NR | | B: 48 | B: 56.2% | B: 53.5 ± 8.3 | A: 5.6 ± 1.4 | B: metformin (500 mg, BID) |
| | Song, 2018 [31] | WHOT2D | C: 37 | C: 54.0% | C: 61.2 ± 3.1 | C: 3.1 ± 0.3 | C: GQD (BID) + metformin (500–2000 mg/d) | 4 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 37 | B: 56.8% | B: 60.2 ± 3.2 | B: 3.3 ± 0.2 | B: metformin (500–2000 mg/d) |
| | Zhang et al., 2019 [32] | WHOT2D | C: 35 | NR | C: 35–70 | NR | C: GQD (25 g, BID) + metformin (≤2 g/d) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 35 | B: 36–71 | B: metformin (≤2 g/d) |
| | Feng et al., 2016 [33] | WHOT2D | C: 50 | 60.0% | C: 57.2 ± 9.8 | C: 1.0 ± 0.2 | C: GQD (23.5 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, QD) | 12 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 50 | B: 56.5 ± 10.3 | B: 1.0 ± 0.1 | B: metformin (500 mg, QD) |
| | Ge, 2018 [34] | CGT2D | C: 40 | C: 62.5% | C: 50.6 ± 7.2 | C: 1.1 ± 0.3 | C: GQD (23.5 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, QD) | 8 weeks | FPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 40 | B: 65.0% | B: 50.7 ± 7.3 | B: 1.1 ± 0.2 | B: metformin (500 mg, QD) |
| | Li, 2018 [35] | CGT2D | C: 48 | C: 58.3% | C: 58.1 ± 9.7 | C: 3.7 ± 1.5 | C: GQD (23.5 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, QD) | 2 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 48 | B: 54.2% | B: 59.4 ± 9.8 | B: 3.5 ± 1.8 | B: metformin (500 mg, QD) |
| | Zhang, 2019 [36] | CGT2D | C: 47 | C: 53.2% | C: 45.5 ± 5.3 | C: 5.4 ± 2.3 | C: GQD (43 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, TID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 47 | B: 51.1% | B: 46.6 ± 5.5 | B: 5.7 ± 2.4 | B: metformin (500 mg, TID) |
| | Xia, 2019 [37] | CGT2D | C: 20 | C: 60.0% | C: 58.2 ± 4.0 | NR | C: GQD (60 g, BID) + metformin (0.25–0.5 g, TID) | 24 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 20 | B: 55.0% | B: 56.5 ± 3.8 | B: metformin (0.25–0.5 g, TID) |
| | Li, 2016 [38] | WHOT2D | C: 37 | C: 54.0% | 50.3 ± 5.7 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | C: GQD (31 g, BID) + metformin (500–2500 mg/d) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG | NR | | B: 37 | B: 56.8% | B: metformin (500–2500 mg/d) |
| | Zhang et al., 2018 [39] | WHOT2D | C: 48 | C: 54.2% | C: 51.3 ± 6.8 | C: 5.4 ± 2.3 | C: GQD (39.5 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, QD) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG | NR | | B: 47 | B: 53.2% | B: 51.2 ± 7.3 | B: 5.6 ± 2.1 | B: metformin (500 mg, QD) |
| | Pang et al., 2018 [40] | WHOT2D | C: 45 | C: 51.1% | C: 53.5 ± 8.2 | C: 5.5 ± 1.3 | C: GQD (60 g, BID) + metformin (250 mg, TID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 45 | B: 53.3% | B: 54.1 ± 8.3 | B: 5.4 ± 1.1 | B: metformin (250 mg, TID) |
| | Ma, 2019 [41] | WHOT2D | C: 50 | C: 54.0% | C: 49.7 ± 2.6 | C: 6.2 ± 2.9 | C: GQD (31 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, BID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG | Included | | B: 50 | B: 56.0% | B: 50.5 ± 1.7 | B: 6.6 ± 2.6 | B: metformin (500 mg, BID) |
| | Fu, 2017 [42] | CGT2D | C: 30 | C: 56.7% | C: 56.1 ± 8.2 | C: 5.2 ± 2.1 | C: GQD (53 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, TID) | 12 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 30 | B: 53.3% | B: 57.5 ± 8.2 | B: 5.6 ± 2.0 | B: metformin (500 mg, TID) |
| | Jin et al., 2019 [43] | WHOT2D | C: 30 | C: 53.3% | C: 58.1 ± 3.1 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | C: GQD (30.5 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, QD) | 8 weeks | FPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 30 | B: 60.0% | B: 58.0 ± 3.7 | B: metformin (500 mg, QD) |
| | Zhang et al., 2019 [44] | CGT2D | C: 86 | C: 59.3% | C: 48.3 ± 10.9 | NR | C: GQD (32.5 g, BID) + metformin (500–1500 mg/d) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 86 | B: 61.6% | B: 48.7 ± 11.1 | B: metformin (500–1500 mg/d) |
| | Xiong, 2019 [45] | CGT2D | C: 50 | C: 58.0% | C: 53.6 ± 7.6 | C: 4.8 ± 1.0 | C: GQD (60 g, BID) + metformin (250 mg, TID) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | NR | | B: 50 | B: 60.0% | B: 53.5 ± 7.8 | B: 4.8 ± 1.1 | B: metformin (250 mg, TID) |
| | Zhang, 2019 [46] | CGT2D | C: 35 | 51.4% | C: 48.9 ± 3.4 | C: 5.0 ± 0.5 | C: GQD (25 g, BID) + metformin (500 mg, QD) | 8 weeks | FPG, 2hPPG, HbA1c | Included | | B: 35 | | B: 48.5 ± 3.6 | B: 4.9 ± 0.7 | B: metformin (500 mg, QD) |
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GQD, Gegen-Qinlian Decoction; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; A, GQD group; B, metformin group; C, GQD + metformin group; CGT2D, China guideline for T2DM; WHOT2D, World Health Organization guideline for T2DM; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPPG, 2-hours postprandial plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; QD, once a day; BID, twice a day; TID, three times a day; NR, no record.
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