Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment Associated with Female Infertility in Taiwan: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Table 2

Unadjusted and adjusted odd ratios and 95% confidence interval of successful pregnancy among women with infertility.

Characteristic	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age at diagnosis
20–29	1.00	1.00
30–39	0.70 (0.63, 0.78)	0.68 (0.60, 0.76)
≥40	0.18 (0.11, 0.30)	0.22 (0.13, 0.37)
One-year period before assumed fertility date
TCM nonusers	1.00	1.00
TCM users	1.50 (1.35, 1.68)	1.48 (1.31, 1.66)
Number of outpatient visits
0	1.00	1.00✝
1–3	1.25 (1.09, 1.43)	1.22 (1.05, 1.41)
>3	1.74 (1.53, 1.98)	1.73 (1.50, 1.98)
Number of days for drug prescription
0	1.00	1.00✝
1–14	1.30 (1.12, 1.51)	1.25 (1.07, 1.47)
>14	1.76 (1.55, 1.99)	1.73 (1.51, 1.97)
Insured amount (NT$/month)
<20,000	1.00	1.00
20,000–39,999	1.11 (0.98, 1.26)	1.06 (0.92, 1.23)
40,000–59,999	1.43 (1.22, 1.68)	1.33 (1.10, 1.62)
≥60,000	1.59 (1.26, 2.00)	1.76 (1.35, 2.30)
Urban level
1	1.00	1.00
2	0.89 (0.78, 1.02)	0.87 (0.74, 1.02)
3	1.08 (0.92, 1.27)	1.09 (0.90, 1.33)
≥4	0.92 (0.78, 1.08)	0.98 (0.79, 1.21)
Residential area
Taipei	1.00	1.00
Northern	0.96 (0.81, 1.13)	1.02 (0.84, 1.24)
Central	0.92 (0.78, 1.07)	0.88 (0.72, 1.07)
Southern	0.98 (0.82, 1.16)	1.06 (0.86, 1.32)
Eastern	1.01 (0.65, 1.59)	0.81 (0.49, 1.34)
Kao-Ping	0.92 (0.78, 1.09)	0.99 (0.82, 1.20)
Insured unit
Government, school employees	1.00	1.00
Private enterprise employees	0.72 (0.61, 0.86)	0.77 (0.63, 0.94)
Member of occupational	0.58 (0.46, 0.73)	0.75 (0.58, 0.98)
Farmers, fishermen	0.57 (0.42, 0.77)	0.69 (0.49, 0.98)
Low-income households veterans, other regionals	0.49 (0.39, 0.62)	0.59 (0.44, 0.78)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	0.48 (0.25, 0.93)	0.84 (0.41, 1.73)
Diabetes	0.35 (0.19, 0.64)	0.43 (0.22, 0.84)
Hypercholesterolemia	0.59 (0.33, 1.05)	0.90 (0.48, 1.70)
Obesity	0.50 (0.23, 1.07)	0.71 (0.31, 1.59)
Cerebral vascular disease	0.75 (0.26, 2.17)	0.61 (0.19, 1.96)
COPD	0.96 (0.76, 1.23)	0.93 (0.71, 1.20)
Renal failure	0.50 (0.13, 2.00)	0.61 (0.13, 2.81)
Tobacco use	0.50 (0.05, 5.52)	0.65 (0.06, 7.46)
Anemia	0.77 (0.41, 1.46)	0.70 (0.36, 1.38)
Polycystic ovary syndrome	1.00 (0.76, 1.32)	0.97 (0.72, 1.32)
Endometriosis	0.72 (0.57, 0.91)	0.88 (0.68, 1.14)
Irregular menstrual cycle	0.97 (0.86, 1.08)	0.91 (0.81, 1.04)
Uterine fibroids	0.65 (0.49, 0.86)	0.86 (0.63, 1.17)
Dysmenorrhea	0.79 (0.65, 0.95)	0.75 (0.61, 0.93)
Fertility drugs
Clomiphene citrate/tamoxifen	3.87 (3.37, 4.44)	3.53 (3.06, 4.08)
GnRH agonist/GnRH antagonist	—	—
Progesterone	3.34 (2.54, 4.39)	2.53 (1.89, 3.38)
Bromocriptine/cabergoline	3.06 (2.10, 4.46)	2.20 (1.48, 3.27)

OR: odd ratio; ; ; . ✝: multivariate-adjusted for age at diagnosis, insured amount, urban level, residential area, insured unit, and comorbidities.