Comparison of Traditional Chinese Exercises and Nontraditional Chinese Exercise Modalities on Cognitive and Executive Function in Community Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Table 1
Sample demographics and clinical characteristics.
Characteristic
No-RE group (n = 94)
Non-TCE group (n = 119)
TCE group (n = 91)
value
value
Age (years), mean (SD)
67.29 ± 7.69
66.40 ± 7.47
66.30 ± 7.26
0.508
0.602
Sex, n (%)
Male
39 (41.5%)
32 (26.9%)
42 (46.2%)
Female
55 (58.5%)
87 (73.1%)
49 (53.8%)
9.280
0.010
Education (years), n (%)
≤12
92 (97.9%)
107 (89.9%)
69 (75.8%)
>12
2 (2.1%)
12 (10.1%)
22 (24.2%)
22.109
<0.001
Occupation, n (%)
Physical labour
66 (70.2%)
54 (45.4%)
34 (37.4%)
Mental labour
28 (29.8%)
65 (54.6%)
57 (62.6%)
22.143
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD)#
24.61 ± 3.62
25.06 ± 3.15
24.44 ± 2.83
1.068
0.345
Marital status, n (%)
Married
76 (80.9%)
97 (81.5%)
80 (87.9%)
Others
18 (19.1%)
22 (18.5%)
11 (12.1%)
2.061
0.357
Smoking, n (%)
Never
66 (70.2%)
105 (88.2%)
73 (80.2%)
Former
16 (17.0%)
9 (7.6%)
11 (12.1%)
Current
12 (12.8%)
5 (4.2%)
7 (7.7%)
10.985
0.027
Drinking, n (%)
No
73 (77.7%)
99 (83.2%)
64 (70.3%)
Yes
21 (22.3%)
20 (16.8%)
27 (29.7%)
4.914
0.086
Taste preferences, n (%)
Heavy
23 (24.5%)
22 (18.5%)
19 (20.8%)
Normal
38 (40.4%)
42 (35.3%)
37 (40.7%)
Bland
33 (35.1%)
55 (46.2%)
35 (38.5%)
3.144
0.534
Sleep status (hours), n (%)
≤6
63 (67.0%)
78 (65.5%)
53 (58.2%)
>6
31 (33.0%)
41 (34.5%)
38 (41.8%)
1.797
0.407
Social activities, n (%)
No
11 (11.7%)
16 (13.4%)
8 (8.8%)
Yes
83 (88.3%)
103 (86.6%)
83 (91.2%)
1.101
0.577
Chronic diseases, n (%)
None
79 (84.1%)
94 (79.0%)
75 (82.4%)
Hypertension
5 (5.3%)
12 (10.1%)
8 (8.8%)
Diabetes
2 (2.1%)
2 (1.7%)
1 (1.1%)
Others
8 (8.5%)
11 (9.2%)
7 (7.7%)
2.121
0.908
Physical activity level, n (%)
Low level
34 (36.2%)
8 (6.7%)
13 (14.3%)
Medium level
54 (57.4%)
70 (58.8%)
54 (59.3%)
High level
6 (6.4%)
41 (34.5%)
24 (26.4%)
44.467
<0.001
No-RE, no regular exercise; non-TCE, nontraditional Chinese exercise; TCE, traditional Chinese exercise; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index. #Having missing value; .
