Chrysophanol Regulates Cell Death, Metastasis, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in Oral Cancer Cell Lines

Figure 3

Chrysophanol regulates ROS production and the expression of p53, p21, cyclinD1, CDK4, cdc2, CDK2, and cell cycle progression. (a) The level of intracellular ROS determined by using the CellROX® oxidative stress reagents in chrysophanol-treated cells (30 and 70 μm) or control (Ctrl, 0 μm), and the fluorescence detected by flow cytometry. (b, c) ROS generation expressed as the mean fluorescence intensity. The expressions of (b) p53, p21, (c) cyclinD1, CDK4, cdc2, and CDK2 analyzed by western blotting in chrysophanol-treated cells (30 and 70 μm) or control (Ctrl, 0 μm). (d) DNA distribution histogram of chrysophanol-treated cells (30 and 70 μm) or control (0 μm). (e) Effect of NAC on chrysophanol (70 μm) treated cells. Cell viability was determined by using the MTT assay in chrysophanol-treated cells in the absence (70 μm) or presence (70 μm + NAC) of 20 mm NAC and in the control (0 μm). All data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 3. . . compared with control or 0 μm.

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