Group versus Individual Acupuncture (AP) for Cancer Pain: A Randomized Noninferiority Trial
Table 3
Mean and SE of secondary outcomes obtained from linear mixed effects models and the noninferiority margins and difference in change rate from baseline to posttreatment (ITT sample).
Outcome
Intervention
Time-point
Mean (SE)
Change(pre-post)
Effect size (cohen D)
Grouptime F, value (sig)
Noninferiority margin
Difference in change (95% CI)
PSQI global
Individual
Pre
9.58 (0.73)
0.36
0.19
5.39,
−1.65
2.60 (0.33–4.88)
Post
9.22 (0.82)
Group
Pre
12.40 (0.74)
2.96
0.66
Post
9.44 (0.84)
POMS-TMD
Individual
Pre
34.22 (2.93)
1.72
0.05
4.87,
−7.52
9.86 (0.85–18.86)
Post
32.50 (3.09)
Group
Pre
45.51 (3.14)
11.61
0.82
Post
33.93 (3.56)
ISSB (average)
Individual
Pre
1.56 (0.12)
0.04
0.01
1.10,
0.26
−0.15 (−0.42–0.13)
Post
1.52 (0.12)
Group
Pre
1.38 (0.13)
−0.52
0.01
Post
1.49 (0.14)
FACT-F
Individual
Pre
124.88 (4.90)
−2.1
0.12
9.76,
8.54
−15.57 (−25.60–5.54)
Post
126.98 (4.91)
Group
Pre
104.68 (5.06)
−17.67
0.86
Post
122.35 (5.27)
Higher scores on BPI, PSQI, and POMS indicate worse pain, sleep, and mood, respectively. A positive value indicates a change in the desired direction or reduction in pain scores from baseline to postintervention. Higher scores on ISSB and FACIT indicate better social support and QoL, respectively. A negative value indicates a change in the desired direction or improvement in scores from baseline to postintervention.
