Evaluating Traditional Chinese Medicine Interventions on Chronic Low Back Pain Using Goal Attainment Scaling

Table 4

Factors associated with pre-post intervention changes in GAS score results of the multivariate linear regression model.

Predictor	β	t
Constant	—	6.247	0.000
Gender (ref. = male)
Female	0.082	1.024	0.308
Age (ref. = 40–49 years)
50–59	−0.011	−0.146	0.884
60–69	0.057	0.667	0.506
≥70	−0.078	−0.956	0.341
Residency (ref. = local)
Nonlocal	0.172	2.147	0.034
Education (ref. = primary school and below)
Middle school	−0.032	−0.403	0.688
High school	−0.013	−0.157	0.875
University	0.060	0.726	0.469
Marital status (ref. = not married)
Married	−0.110	−1.404	0.163
Monthly household income per capita (ref. = ≤ ¥3000)
3001–6000	0.013	0.161	0.872
≥6000	−0.060	−0.721	0.472
Employment (ref. = employed)
Retired	−0.160	−2.000	0.048
Job (ref. = manager)
Office worker	−0.076	−0.958	0.340
Laborer	0.035	0.439	0.662
Self-employed	0.029	0.362	0.718
Health insurance (ref. = urban employee)
Urban residents	0.090	1.153	0.251
Rural and others	−0.113	−1.440	0.152
Duration of chronic low back pain (ref. = ≤5 years)
5–10	0.067	0.844	0.400
>10	−0.017	−0.223	0.824
Number of other chronic diseases (ref. = 0)
1	−0.045	−0.561	0.576
≥2	−0.096	−1.203	0.231
Perceived health (ref. = poor)
Fair	0.024	0.300	0.765
Good	0.016	0.204	0.839
Distance to nearest community health centre (ref. = ≤15 minutes)
15∼30	0.016	0.205	0.838
>30	−0.058	−0.740	0.461
Perceived professional competency of attending doctors (ref. = “≤average”)
>Average	0.380	4.860	0.000
Pain level (ref. = 0–4)
4.1–7	−0.093	−1.186	0.238
>7	0.019	0.247	0.805

Note: F = 11.339, , R² = 0.187.