| | No. | Study ID | Sample size (T/C) | Average age (T) | Average age (C) | Sex (M/F) | Type of DM | DM duration (year) | Stage of DKD | Diagnostic criteria | Intervention (T) | Intervention (C) | Treatment duration (weeks） | Adverse event report | Outcomes |
| | 1 | Dai XM [13] | 40/40 | 51.7 ± 5.2 | 52.2 ± 1.3 | T: 25/15
C: 23/17 | No restriction | T: 12.4 ± 6.1
C: 13.1 ± 5.9 | Mogensen III | WHO DM1999
+MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ACEI (Benazepril 10 mg, qd) | ACEI (Benazepril 10 mg, qd) | 12 w | NO | Total effective rate, UAER, TG | | 2 | Li T [14] | 65/65 | 46.5 ± 1.38 | 48.2 ± 1.0 | T: 41/24
C: 37/28 | T2DM | T:≥5
C:≥5 | Not report | Internal diagnostic criteria for diabetes combined with symptoms of proteinuria and history of diabetic retinopathy | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ACEI/ARB | ACEI/ARB | 12 w | NO | ACR, TG, LDL-C | | 3 | Lu YZ [15] | 29/29 | 48.73 ± 4.26 | 50.37 ± 4.8 | T: 15/15
C: 14/16 | T2DM | T: 5.78 ± 1.05
C: 5.85 ± 0.98 | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ACEI (Benazepril 10–20 mg, qd) | ACEI (Benazepril 10–20 mg, qd) | 12 w | YES | mAlb, HbA1c, TG, SBP, CRP | | 4 | Peng SL 2015 [16] | 60/60 | 59.89 ± 8.24 | 58.28 ± 8.5 | T: 34/28
C: 26/26 | T2DM | T: 7.2 ± 3.1
C: 7.5 ± 2.9 | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999+pathological diagnosis of renal biopsy | FFXST (1.5 g, tid) | ARB (Valsartan 80 mg, qd) | 8 w | NO | ACR, mAlb, BUN, TG | | 5 | Wang ML 2017 [17] | 40/38 | 54.5 ± 6.6 | 56.1 ± 7.1 | T: 22/18
C: 19/19 | T2DM | — | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid) | Blank | 12 w | YES | UAER, ACR, HbA1c, TG, LDL-C | | 6 | Wang ML [18] | 38/42 | 55.4 | 54.5 | T: 17/21
C: 18/24 | T2DM | T: 5–17 months
C: 4–17 months | Mogensen III | ADA2009+
EDCDN | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ARB (Losartan potassium 50 mg, qd) | ARB (Losartan potassium 50 mg, qd) | 24 w | NO | UAER, BUN, HbA1c, TG | | 7 | Wu NN 2012 [19] | 60/60 | 56.3 ± 11.5 | 58.7 ± 10.2 | T: 35/25
C: 34/26 | T2DM | — | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ARB (Valsartan 80 mg, qd) | ARB (Valsartan 80 mg, qd) | 12 w | NO | ACR, HbA1c, TG, SBP | | 8 | Yang P 2014 [20] | 24/24 | 52.1 ± 5.3 | 53.6 ± 4.9 | T: 13/11
C: 12/12 | T2DM | — | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ACEI (Benazepril 10 mg, qd) | ACEI (Benazepril 10 mg, qd) | 12 w | NA | UAER, BUN, HbA1c, TG, LEL-C | | 9 | Yun P 2013 [21] | 51/51 | 53.5 ± 6.4 | 55.1 ± 7.2 | T: 32/19
C: 29/22 | T2DM | — | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid)
+ARB (Losartan 50 mg, qd) | ARB (Losartan 50 mg, qd) | 12 w | YES | Total effective rate, UAER, HbA1c, TG, LEL-C, SBP | | 10 | Zhang JH [22] | 45/45 | — | — | 50/40 | No restriction | 8.5 | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid) | Blank | 12 w | NO | mAlb, BUN | | 11 | Zhang Z [23] | 45/45 | — | — | 50/40 | No restriction | 8.5 | Mogensen III | WHO
DM1999 + MDC | FFXST (1.5 g, tid) | Blank | 12 w | NO | mAlb, CRP | | 12 | Zhang Z [24] | 45/45 | 48.9 ± 10.1 | 49.4 ± 9.6 | T: 31/14
C: 29/16 | No restriction | — | Mogensen III | The internal DKD diagnostic criteria | FFXST (1.5 g, tid) | Blank | 12 w | NO | ACR, mAlb, HbA1c | | 13 | Zhang Z [25] | 50/50 | 58.9 ± 10.18 | 59.2 ± 9.7 | 60/40 | No restriction | — | Mogensen III | The internal DKD diagnostic criteria | FFXST (1.5 g, tid) | Blank | 12 w | NO | ACR, mAlb, HbA1c |
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