Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

A Systematic Review of In Vitro Activity of Medicinal Plants from Sub-Saharan Africa against Campylobacter spp.

Table 1

Detailed information about the in vitro studies of plants from Sub-Saharan Africa tested for activity against Campylobacter spp.


Plant	Family	Country of plant origin	Part	Type of extract (compound)	Inhibition zone (mm)	MIC (μg/ml)	MBC (μg/ml)	References

Acacia caffra (Thunb.) Willd.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Bark	70% Act	—	6250 (Cj)	—	[35]
			Bark	Aq	—	3130 (Cj)	—
			Leaves	70% Act	—	6250 (Cj)	—
			Leaves	Aq	—	6250 (Cj)	—
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile	Fabaceae	Nigeria	Leaves	EtOH	6^a(Cj, Cc, Cl)	80000 (Cj, Cc, Cl)	—	[24]
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile	Fabaceae	Nigeria	Leaves	Aq	2^a(Cj, Cc, Cl)	250000 (Cj, Cc, Cl)	—	[24]
Albertisia villosa (Exell) Forman	Menispermaceae	Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)	Root	Et₂O	—	>1000 (Cj, Cc)	—	[29]
				MeOH	—	62.5 (Cj, Cc)	—
				Aq	—	62.5 (Cj, Cc)	—
Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.	Apiaceae	South Africa	Whole	70% Act	—	6250 (Cj)	—	[35]
Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh.	Apiaceae	South Africa	Whole	Aq	—	1560 (Cj)	—	[35]
Annickia chlorantha (Oliv.) Setten & Maas	Annonaceae	Cameroon	Stem bark	Aq	30^b(Cj/c)	390 (Cj/c)	1560 (Cj/c)	[31]
Annona sp.	Annonaceae	South Africa	Fruit	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
				EA	—	6000 (Csp)	—
				Hex	—	350 (Csp)	—
Bauhinia galpinii N.E.Br.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Bark	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill.	Phyllanthaceae	South Africa	Bark	MeOH	—	3000 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Root	MeOH	—	3000 (Csp)	—
			Seed	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—
Carissa spinarum L.	Apocynaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Act	—	1500 (Csp)	—	[33]
Cassine transvaalensis (Burtt Davy) Codd	Celastraceae	South Africa	Root	MeOH	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
Cissampelos torulosa E.Mey. ex Harv. & Sond.	Menispermaceae	South Africa	Leaves	MeOH	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
Cissus rubiginosa (Welw. ex Baker) Planch.	Vitaceae	DRC	Stem bark	Et₂O	—	>1000 (Cj, Cc)	—	[29]
				MeOH	—	1000 (Cj), 500 (Cc)	—
				Aq	—	250 (Cj) 125 (Cc)	—
Combretum kraussii Hochst.	Combretaceae	South Africa	Leaves and bark	70% Act	—	12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Combretum kraussii Hochst.	Combretaceae	South Africa	Leaves and bark	Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Combretum woodii Dümmer	Combretaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Act and EtOH	—	40 (Cj)	—	[26]
Croton mubango Müll.Arg.	Euphorbiaceae	DRC	Stem bark	Et₂O	—	>1000 (Cj, Cc)	—	[29]
				MeOH	—	1000 (Cj, Cc)	—
				Aq	—	1000 (Cj), >1000 (Cc)	—
Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schltr.	Apocynaceae	Guinea-Bissau (plant bought there)	Root	EtOH (cryptolepine)	—	6.25^c, 12.5^d(Cj) 12.5^c, 25^d(Cc)	—	[30]
			Root	EtOH	—	25^c, 100^d(Cj, Cc)	—
			Root	Aq	—	200^c, 400^d(Cj) 400^c, >400^d(Cc)	—
			Root	EtOH	29 (Cj) 34 (Cc)	—	—	[27]
Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Root	70% Act	—	390 (Cj)	—	[35]
Elephantorrhiza burkei Benth.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Root	Aq	—	3130 (Cj)	—
Eriosema cordatum E.Mey.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Root	70% Act	—	>12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Eriosema cordatum E.Mey.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Root	Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Ficus natalensis Hochst.	Moraceae	Nigeria	NR	Hex	R (Cj)	—	—	[36]
				EA	R (Cj)	—	—
				MeOH	R (Cj)	—	—
Ficus sycomorus L.	Moraceae	South Africa	Bark	Act	—	350 (Csp)	—	[33]
Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn. subsp., jovis-tonantis var. goetzei (Stapf and Hutch.) Verdc.	Rubiaceae	Guinea-Bissau	Root	Aq	9 (Cj) 10 (Cc)	—	—	[27]
Gunnera perpensa L.	Gunneraceae	South Africa	Rhizome	70% Act	—	12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
			Rhizome	Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—
			Leaves	70% Act	—	780 (Cj)	—
Gymnanthemum glaberrimum (Welw. ex O.Hoffm.) H.Rob.	Asteraceae	Nigeria	Leaves	Hex	0 (Cf)	—	—	[28]
				CF	0 (Cf)	—	—
				EA	0 (Cf)	—	—
				BuOH	0 (Cf)	—	—
Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex Ker Gawl.	Hypoxidaceae	South Africa	Corm	70% Act	—	1560 (Cj)	—	[35]
Hypoxis obtusa Burch. ex Ker Gawl.	Hypoxidaceae	South Africa	Corm	Aq	—	780 (Cj)	—	[35]
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.	Verbenaceae	South Africa	Leaves	MeOH	—	90 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Leaves	Act	—	90 (Csp)	—
			Leaves	Essential oil	—	1500 (Csp)	—
Mimusops obovata Sond.	Sapotaceae	South Africa	Bark	70% Act	—	12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Mimusops obovata Sond.	Sapotaceae	South Africa	Bark	Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Momordica balsamina L.	Cucurbitaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Act	—	350 (Csp)	—	[33]
Momordica balsamina L.	Cucurbitaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Hex	—	3000 (Csp)	—	[33]
Mucuna coriacea Baker	Fabaceae	South Africa	Root	MeOH	—	3000 (Csp)	—	[33]
Peltophorum africanum Sond.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Bark	MeOH	—	1500 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Bark	70% Act	—	780 (Cj)	—	[35]
			Bark	Aq	—	3125 (Cj)	—
			Leaves	70% Act	—	390 (Cj)	—
				Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—
				Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—
Pouzolzia mixta Solms	Urticaceae	South Africa	Root	MeOH	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Stem	MeOH	—	750 (Csp)	—
			Leaves	MeOH	—	3000 (Csp)	—
			Root	Aq	—	6000 (Csp)	—
Pterocarpus angolensis DC.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Bark	MeOH	—	1500 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Bark	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—
			Bark	DCM	—	750 (Csp)	—
			Bark	EA	—	90 (Csp)	—
			Bark	Hex	—	1500 (Csp)	—
			Bark	CF	—	750 (Csp)	—
Pterocarpus santalinoides DC.	Fabaceae	Nigeria	Leaves	EA (friedelan-3-one)	R (Cj)	—	—	[32]
Quassia africana (Baill.) Baill.	Simaroubaceae	DRC	Root bark	Et₂O	—	>1000 (Cj, Cc)	—	[29]
				MeOH	—	1000 (Cj, Cc)	—
				Aq	—	1000 (Cj), >1000 (Cc)	—
Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild and R.B. Drumm.	Vitaceae	South Africa	Tuber	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Fruit	MeOH	—	350 (Csp)	—
			Fruit	Act	—	180 (Csp)	—
Rourea obliquifoliolata Gilg	Connaraceae	DRC	Root	Et₂O	—	500 (Cj), >1000 (Cc)	—	[29]
				MeOH	—	500 (Cj) 125 (Cc)	—
				Aq	—	125 (Cj), 250 (Cc)	—
Searsia chirindensis (Baker f.) Moffett	Anacardiaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Crude (MeOH)	—	780 (Cj)	—	[34]
				DCM	—	6250 (Cj)	—
				EA	—	780 (Cj)	—
				BuOH	—	3125 (Cj)	—
				EA (methyl gallate)	—	60 (Cj)	—
				EA (myricetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside)	—	130 (Cj)	—
				EA (myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside)	—	130 (Cj)	—
				EA (kaempferol-3-O- rhamnoside)	—	130 (Cj)	—
				EA (quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside)	—	250 (Cj)	—
Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock	Fabaceae	Guinea-Bissau	Root	EtOH	8 (Cj) 9 (Cc)	—	—	[27]
Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock	Fabaceae	Guinea-Bissau	Leaves	EtOH	10 (Cj) 14 (Cc)	—	—	[27]
Sida spinosa L.	Malvaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.) Walp.	Menispermaceae	South Africa	Root	70% Act	—	6250 (Cj)	—	[35]
Stephania abyssinica (Quart.-Dill. & A.Rich.) Walp.	Menispermaceae	South Africa	Root	Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex Krauss	Myrtaceae	South Africa	Bark	MeOH	—	350 (Csp)	—	[33]
			Bark	Act	—	180 (Csp)	—
			Leaves	MeOH	—	3000 (Csp)	—
			Leaves	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—
Tapinanthus globiferus (A.Rich.) Tiegh.	Loranthaceae	Nigeria	Stem	Hex	R (Cj)	—	—	[25]
				EA	R (Cj)	—	—
				MeOH	R (Cj)	—	—
Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr.	Combretaceae	Guinea-Bissau	Root	EtOH	—	25^c, 50^d(Csp)	—	[23]
Watsonia densiflora Baker	Iridaceae	South Africa	Bulb	70% Act	—	12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Watsonia densiflora Baker	Iridaceae	South Africa	Bulb	Aq	—	>12500 (Cj)	—	[35]
Vitex doniana Sweet	Lamiaceae	Nigeria	Bark	EtOH	1^a(Cj, Cc, Cl)	NIE (Cj, Cc, Cl)	—	[24]
Vitex doniana Sweet	Lamiaceae	Nigeria	Bark	Aq	0^a(Cj, Cc, Cl)	NIE (Cj, Cc, Cl)	—	[24]
Vernonia amygdalina Delile	Asteraceae	DRC	Leaves	Et₂O	—	>1000 (Cj, Cc)	—	[29]
				MeOH	—	1000 (Cj, Cc)	—
				Aq	—	>1000 (Cj, Cc)	—
Ximenia caffra Sond.	Olacaceae	South Africa	Bark	Act	—	350 (Csp)	—	[33]
Ximenia caffra Sond.	Olacaceae	South Africa	Leaves	Act	—	750 (Csp)	—	[33]
Zornia milneana Mohlenbr.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Whole	MeOH	—	180 (Csp)	—	[33]
Zornia milneana Mohlenbr.	Fabaceae	South Africa	Whole	Act	—	180 (Csp)	—	[33]

^aZone of inhibition at 2 mg of the extract; ^bzone of inhibition at 12 mg of the extract; ^cMIC 50%; ^dMIC 90%; Csp: Campylobacter spp., Cc: C. coli, Cj: C. jejuni, Cj/c: C. jejuni/C. coli, Cl: C. lari, Cf: C. fetus, EtOH: ethanol; MeOH: methanol, Aq: aqueous, Et₂O: diethyl ether, DCM: dichloromethane, EA: ethyl acetate, BuOH: butanol, Act: acetone, Hex: hexane, R: resistant, CF: chloroform, NIE: no inhibitory effect, NR: not reported.