Comparative Evaluation of the In Vitro Anthelminthic Effects of the Leaves, Stem, and Seeds of Carica papaya (Linn) Using the Pheretima posthuma Model

Table 3

Experimental results from the in vitro anthelminthic test on the crude extracts.

Test group	Concentration adopted	Paralysis time ± SEM (mins)	Death time ± SEM (mins)
Albendazole	1 mg/ml	25.330 ± 0.0173	37.100 ± 0.000
	2.5 mg/ml	19.450 ± 0.5751^1	31.430 ± 0.2868^2
	5 mg/ml	16.030 ± 0.0300^4	27.210 ± 0.0058^4
Normal saline	—	—	—
LE	1 mg/ml	22.030 ± 0.0058^d	39.270 ± 0.0153^d
	2.5 mg/ml	10.240 ± 0.0100^a,4	21.350 ± 0.3251^a,4
	5 mg/ml	9.120 ± 0.0200^d,4	11.480 ± 0.2641^d,4
LHE	1 mg/ml	22.500 ± 0.2500^a	40.520 ± 0.2403^a
	2.5 mg/ml	10.240 ± 0.0100^a,4	21.380 ± 0.3101^a,3
	5 mg/ml	8.510 ± 0.0058^d,4	12.250 ± 0.0058^d,4
SE	1 mg/ml	19.450 ± 0.2930^a	35.380 ± 0.1200^a
	2.5 mg/ml	9.300 ± 0.005^a,3	20.030 ± 0.0115^c,4
	5 mg/ml	7.210 ± 0.0100^d,3	9.150 ± 0.0058^d,4
SHE	1 mg/ml	20.163 ± 0.0318^d	38.160 ± 0.0100^d
	2.5 mg/ml	9.260 ± 0.0306^a,4	20.120 ± 0.0100^c,4
	5 mg/ml	8.310 ± 0.0100^d,4	10.210 ± 0.0058^d,4
STE	1 mg/ml	22.380 ± 0.3126^a	42.120 ± 0.0058^4
	2.5 mg/ml	11.250 ± 0.0100^a,3	23.530 ± 0.3300^d,4
	5 mg/ml	10.420 ± 0.2900^2,2	14.220 ± 0.0058^d,4
STHE	1 mg/ml	23.430 ± 0.2850^ns	42.420 ± 0.0058^4
	2.5 mg/ml	12.297 ± 0.0517^a,3	25.190 ± 0.0400^a,4
	5 mg/ml	9.280 ± 0.0200^d,4	16.350 ± 0.0289^d,4

[—] no observable immobility. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. N = 3. Two-way ANOVA analysis, followed by Tukey’s post hoc test was used to test for differences between paralysis and death times of plant extracts and albendazole (labelled as ^a0.05 < p < 0.01; ^b0.01 < p < 0.001; ^c0.001 < p < 0.0001; ^d) and also differences among the concentrations of each plant extract (also labelled as ¹0.05 < p < 0.01; ²0.01 < p < 0.001; ³0.001 < p< 0.0001; ⁴) using 1 mg/ml as the reference, at 95% confidence level. “ns” indicated no significant difference upon comparison of groups in all cases.