Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation Training in Patients with Heart Failure Based on Traditional Chinese Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 2

GRADE evidence quality results.

Certainty assessment							No. of patients		Certainty
No. of studies	Study design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other considerations	TCE	Other activities
6MWT
7	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Not serious	Publication bias strongly suspected^b	276	275	⊕⊕⊕○; Moderate
MLHFQ
4	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Serious^c	Not serious	Serious^d	None	102	103	⊕○○○; Very low
LEVF
2	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^d	None	58	58	⊕⊕○○; Low
BNP
4	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Serious^c	Not serious	Serious^d	None	164	164	⊕○○○; Very low
VO2max
3	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^d	None	69	68	⊕⊕○○; Low
Number of rehospitalisation
2	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^d	None	120	120	⊕⊕○○; Low
Number of hospitalisations and costs
2	Randomized trials	Serious^a	Not serious	Not serious	Serious^d	None	120	120	⊕⊕○○; Low

CI: confidence interval; MD: mean difference. ^aNone of the included articles used blinding approach, and a high risk of bias was present; ^bpublication bias may be present; ^cthe heterogeneity was substantial (I² ≥ 50%); ^dthe total number of participants in both groups was less than 400.