Motor Imagery-Based Brain-Computer Interface Combined with Multimodal Feedback to Promote Upper Limb Motor Function after Stroke: A Preliminary Study

Table 2

Patients’ performance and treatment effects in all outcome measures and comparison of the treatment effects between the experimental and control groups after the interventions.

Parameters	MI-based BCI group (n = 7)		Classic MI group (n = 5)		Sig.^a	Sig.^b	Sig.^c
	Baseline	After intervention	Baseline	After intervention
FMA-UE	12.7(8.88)	15.4(10.11)	13.8(6.65)	20.6(12.67)	0.006	0.068	0.214
ARAT	3.29(5.79)	5.57(7.66)	6.60(12.29)	8.60(9.10)	0.089	0.058	0.375
MSS	15.9(8.97)	19.17(10.33)	18.60(10.98)	23.90(11.11)	0.010	0.002	0.112
BI	66.43(22.31)	69.00(11.93)	75.71(11.34)	72.00(6.71)	0.174	0.374	0.376
sEMG	2.55(1.83)	4.86(5.02)	2.14(1.95)	3.99(2.90)	0.305	0.130	0.866
	44.00(18.28)	43.90(16.43)	49.41(8.09)	57.20(12.24)	0.989	0.110	0.389

^a,bMain effect of assessment (pre-post), within-group comparisons in MI-BCI and MI group, respectively. ^cInteraction effect between treatment type (MI-BCI/MI) and assessment time (pre-post), between-groups comparisons, all significant values are in bold. Mean (standard deviation) for all parameters. MI-based BCI = motor imagery-based brain-computer interface; classic MI = classic motor imagery; FMA-UE = Fugl-Meyer assessment-upper extremity; ARAT = action research arm test; MSS = motor status scale; BI = Barthel index; sEMG = the amplitude and cocontraction of the extensor carpi radialis on the surface electromyography. The bold values denote statistical significance.