| | Characteristics | Insulin users (%) | Insulin nonusers (%) |
| | Total diabetic patients | 17,451 | 52,585 | | Sex | | Male | 8,538 (48.9) | 25,559 (48.6) | | Female | 8,913 (51.1) | 27,026 (51.4) |
| | Age (years) | | Mean ± SD | 55.4 ± 13.8 | 52.7 ± 13.2 | | <50 | 6,093 (34.9) | 22,672 (43.1) | | 50–64 | 6,284 (36.0) | 18,986 (36.1) | | ≥65 | 5,074 (29.1) | 10,927 (20.8) |
| | Comorbidity | | Hypertension | 4,372 (25.1) | 11,866 (22.6) | | Hyperlipidemia | 2,634 (15.1) | 10,062 (19.1) | | Coronary artery disease | 2,984 (17.1) | 8,242 (15.7) | | Heart failure | 1,115 (6.4) | 2,560 (4.9) | | Stroke | 3,011 (17.3) | 7,573 (14.4) | | Chronic kidney disease | 914 (5.2) | 2,615 (5.0) |
| | Antidiabetics | | Biguanides | 14,000 (80.2) | 41,764 (79.4) | | Sulfonylureas | 14,572 (83.5) | 37,808 (71.9) | | Combinations | 1,991 (11.4) | 9,901 (18.8) | | Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 5,410 (31.0) | 12,156 (23.1) | | Thiazolidinediones | 5,618 (32.2) | 11,239 (21.4) | | DPP-4 inhibitors | 1,619 (9.3) | 9,207 (17.5) | | Others | 4,074 (23.3) | 8,285 (15.8) |
| | Complexity of antidiabetics | | None | 2,069 (11.9) | 6,111 (11.6) | | 1 drug | 1,332 (7.6) | 8,261 (15.7) | | 2 drugs | 4,905 (28.1) | 14,972 (28.5) | | 3 drugs and above | 9,145 (52.4) | 23,241 (44.2) |
| | Herbal product usage (days) | | Never used | 9,414 (53.9) | 22,715 (43.2) | | CHPs without LWDHW | 4,486 (25.7) | 16,476 (31.3) | | LWDHW | 3,551 (20.3) | 13,394 (25.5) |
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