[Retracted] Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut

Table 2

Summary of DNA damage by arecoline and its metabolites [39], (+) for positive results and (–) for negative results.

Compound	DNA breaks	Unscheduled DNA synthesis
Arecoline	(+) Mice kidney cells	(+) Early spermatid stages of Swiss albino mice cells
	(+) Human oral cells	(+) Hep-2 cells
	(+) Hep-2 cells	(−) Human gingival keratinocytes
	(+) 293 cells
	(−) Rat liver clone 9 cells
Arecoline-N-oxide	(+) Rat liver clone 9 cells
	(+) Human oral cells
	(+) Immunodeficient NOD/SCID mice
Arecaidine	(+) Human oral cells
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino) propionaldehyde	(+) Human oral cells