Panax notoginseng Saponin Promotes Bone Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis via the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway

Figure 1

PNS promotes the regeneration context of DO. (a) Rabbit model of DO. At the end of the distraction phase (DO14) and 2 weeks of consolidation (DO28), callus samples from the distraction gap were harvested for further study. (b, c) Mandible specimens for Ctrl and PNS-treated groups on day 14 (b) and day 28 (c) after surgery. The distraction gap featured more new bone tissue in the PNS group both on DO14 and DO28. (d, e) Images of radiograph. (f, g) The gray value of X-ray. (h, i) Histomorphologic results on DO14 and DO28. Compared with the control group, the distraction gaps of the PNS group showed increased fibrous and cartilaginous tissues in DO14. In DO28, numerous trabecular bones in the center zone occurred in the PNS group. (j, k) The SEM results of Ctrl and PNS-treated groups. Analyses were conducted using data from three independent experiments.