<i>Panax notoginseng</i> Saponin Promotes Bone Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis via the TGF-<i>β</i>1 Signaling Pathway

<div>PNS regulates osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via the TGF-<i>β</i>1/SMAD signaling pathway. (a) Overexpression and inhibition of T<i>β</i>R-II were confirmed via qRT-PCR. (b, c) Following T<i>β</i>R-II knockdown or overexpression, the mRNA levels of the pathway-related genes were significantly altered. (d) WB analysis for the expression levels of SMAD2, p-SMAD2, SMAD3, p-SMAD3, and PPM1A treated with lentivirus. (e, f) T<i>β</i>R-II overexpression enhanced osteogenic differentiation, while silencing impairs such capability. (e) ALP staining and ALP activity assay. (f) Alizarin red staining. OE-NC and T<i>β</i>R-II-OE groups or NC-shRNA and T<i>β</i>R-II-inhibitor groups were compared <i>via</i> Student’s <i>t</i>-tests. 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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

fig4

Figure 4

Figure 4: <i>Panax notoginseng</i> Saponin Promotes Bone Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis via the TGF-<i>β</i>1 Signaling Pathway 

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Panax notoginseng Saponin Promotes Bone Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis via the TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway

Figure 4