|
| Activity | Model used | Plant part | Extract/compound | Bioassay | Results | Author(s) |
|
| Antioxidant | In vitro | Ethanol, methanol | Leaves, root bark | DPPH radical scavenging assay | Extract showed dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity that was comparable to that of ascorbic acid at all doses (10–320 μg/mL) | [127,159] |
| Antioxidant | In vitro | Abyssinone VII
Sigmoidin B
Eryvarin L
3-Methylbutein | Stem bark | DPPH radical scavenging assay | After 1 h, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was as follows: abyssinone VII: IC50 = 25 μg/mL, sigmoidin B: IC50 = 18.5 μg/mL, eryvarin L: IC50 = 29 μg/mL, and 3-methylbutein: IC50 = 37 μg/mL, ascorbic acid: IC50 = 18 μg/mL, gallic acid: IC50 = 4 μg/mL. and quercetin: IC50 = 7 μg/mL | [134] |
| Antioxidant | In vitro | Acetone | Root bark | DPPH radical scavenging assay | After 30 minutes, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was as follows: crude extract: IC50 = 7.7 μM, abyssinone IV: 32.4 μM, abyssinone V: 30.1 μM, abyssinin III: 21.7 μM, erycristagallin: IC50 = 8.2 μM, 3-hydroxy-9-methoxy-10-(3,3-dimethylallyl) pterocarpene: IC50 = 10.8 μM, and quercetin: IC50 = 5.4 μM | [133] |
| Anti-inflammatory | In vivo | Root bark | Methanol | Chronic trypanosomiasis-induced neuroinflammation mouse model | The aqueous extract-treated group (50 mg/kg) had lower astrocyte reactivity (34,545 astrocytes/mm3) than the untreated group (69,886 astrocytes/mm3). Also, they had a reduced degree of neuroinflammation (1.2) compared to the untreated group (2.8). The extract was thought to reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the cerebrum. | [50] |
| Water | The methanol extract did not have a significant effect on the modulation of neuroinflammation |
| Antihyperglycemic | In vivo | Root bark | Water | Oral glucose tolerance assay using male guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) | 38% inhibition factor against hyperglycemia at a dose of 500 mg/kg (6 mg/kg glibenclamide = 49.6%) | [114] |
| Antihyperglycemic | In vivo | Leaf | Ethanol | Oral glucose tolerance assay using male | After 4 hours of hyperglycemia induction, the extract significantly and dose dependently reduced the mean blood glucose; 100 mg/kg = 25%, 200 mg/kg = 46.4%, 400 mg/kg = 60.7%, and 5 mg/kg glibenclamide = 35.7% | [159] |
| Wistar albino rats |
| Anticancer | In vitro | Stem bark | Ethanol | MTT and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP1B) inhibitory assay | Compounds exhibited PTP1B inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 4.2 to 19.3 μM and strong cytotoxic activity with IC50 values from 5.6 to 28.0 μM | [160] |
| After 72 hours of exposure; MCF7: IC50 = 19.4 μM, MCF/AMR: IC50 = 12.0 μM, MCF/ADR: IC50 = 16.1 μM, MDA-MB-231: IC50 = 28.0 μM, and PTB1B: IC50 = < 30 μM. |
| Anticancer | In vitro | Seeds | Chloroform | Sulforhodamine B assay using HeLa, Hep-G2, HEP-2, HCT116, MCF-7, and HFB4 cells | The crude alkaloidal fraction showed cytotoxic activity against the tumor cells with IC50 values of 13.8, 10.1, 8.16, 13.9, 11.4, and 12.2 μg/mL against HeLa, Hep-G2, HEP-2, HCT116, MCF-7, and HFB4 cells, respectively. | [59] |
| After 72 hours of exposure, the IC50 of isolated compounds on Hep-G2 and HEP-2 cells were as follows, respectively: erythraline: IC50 = 21.60 and 15.8 μg/mL, erysodine: IC50 = 19.90 and 11.8 μg/mL |
| Erysotrine: IC50 = 21.60 and 15.8 μg/mL, 8-oxoerythraline: IC50 = 18.50 and 3.89 μg/mL, 11-methoxyerysodine: IC50 = 11.50 and 11.4 μg/mL |
| Antianaemic | In vivo | Stem bark | Water extract | Phenyl hydrazine anaemia-induced mouse model | Improved haematinic activity in a dose-dependent manner. Extracts increased the red blood cell differentials in anaemic rats at increasing doses of 50, 100, and 350 mg/kg | [128] |
| Antiobesity | In vitro | Stem bark | Sigmoidin A | Pancreatic lipase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assay | IC50 = 4.5 and 62.5 μM for pancreatic lipase and alpha glucosidase inhibition, respectively (orlistat = 0.3 μM, acarbose = 190.6 μM) | [146] |
| Antipyretic and estrogenomimetic | In vivo | Stem bark | Methanol | Smart button data loggers using ovariectomized rats using | At a dose of 200 mg/kg, the extract reduced the average number of hot flushes (171 in treated vs. 264 in the untreated group). The treated group also had shorter durations of hot flushes (683 minutes) compared to the untreated (1935 minutes) | [161] |
| Hepatoprotective | In vivo | Stem bark | Water | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model using rats to evaluate the fasting blood glucose, insulin tolerance, hepatic triglycerides, serum biochemistry, and liver histology | The extract had significant effects on fasting blood glucose as well as hepatic indices including liver weights, hepatic triglycerides, liver weight-body weight ratio, serum AST, serum ALT levels, serum triglycerides, serum total cholesterol, and serum LDL-cholesterol; however, the extracts showed no significant effects on HDL-cholesterol. At high doses (400 mg/kg), the extract protected the liver against inflammation, steatosis, and hepatic ballooning | [162] |
| Wound healing | In vivo | Leaf and stem bark | Methanol | Wound incision assay | 82.1 and 88.7% wound area healed after 15 days for the stem bark and leaf extract, respectively, at a dose of 10% w/w | [94] |
| The mean skin protein was 32.5 and 35.5% for the stem bark and leaf, respectively (oxytetracycline = 40.5%). |
| Although the leaf extract had better healing properties than the bark, there was no significant difference between both extracts and the negative control |
| Antiplasmodial | In vivo | Stem and root bark | Acetone | 4-day ANKA suppressive bioassay using P. berghei | % chemosuppression: root (49.7%), stem (44.2%), and chloroquine (97.3%) | [163] |
| Antiplasmodial | In vitro | Leaves | n-Hexane | Nonradioactive antiplasmodial 3H hypoxanthine inhibition assay using P. falciparum multidrug-resistant Indochicha I (W2) and chloroquine-sensitive Sierra Leone I (D6) | After 24 hours, n-hexane extract: IC50 = 0.0 μg/mL, DCM extract: IC50 = 190.1 μg/mL, methanol extract: IC50 = 348.2 μg/mL, mefloquine: IC50 = 19.2 μg/mL. | [145] |
| Dichloromethane (DCM) |
| Methanol |
| Antiplasmodial | In vitro | Stem | Ethyl acetate extract | Nonradioactive antiplasmodial 3H hypoxanthine inhibition assay using P. falciparum multidrug-resistant Indochicha I (W2) and chloroquine-sensitive Sierra Leone I (D6) | After 24 hours, ethyl acetate extract: D6: IC50 = 7.9 μg/mL, W2: IC50 = 5.3 μg/mL, chalcones: IC50 ranged from 10 to 16 μM, flavanones: IC50 ranged from 4.9 to 13.6 μM, isoflavonoids: IC50 ranged from 18.2 to 24.9 μM, chloroquine: IC50 ranged from 0.009 to 0.08 μM, and quinine: IC50 ranged from 0.04 to 0.21 μM | [49] |
| Isolated compounds (chalcones, flavanones, isoflavonoids) |
| Antiplasmodial | In vivo | Stem and root bark | Methanol | Four-day ANKA suppressive bioassay using P. berghei and P. falciparum | At 50 mg/kg of the extract,
% chemosuppression: root bark (77%), stem bark (32%), and 10 mg/kg chloroquine (6%).
Survival time in extract-treated and chloroquine-treated groups was 2- to 3-fold higher than the untreated.
For P. falciparum, IC50 of 7.81 μg/mL (K1 strain) | [28, 164] |
| Antiviral | In vitro | Seeds and stem | Chloroform, ethanol | MTT assay using HIV-1-infected MT-4 cells | Stem alkaloidal fraction: IC50 = 53 μM, efavirenz: IC50 = 45 μM | [59, 112] |
| Stem had antiviral activity (reduction factors of the viral titer of 104) against polio, Semliki forest, and herpes viruses |
| Antimycobacterial | In vitro | Stem bark | Methanol | Microdilution assay against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium smegmatis | At a dose of 2 mg/mL, the extract completely inhibited the growth of all Mycobacterial strains (0 GU). However, at 1 mg/mL, there was significant growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (19741 GU), Mycobacterium kansasii (724 GU), Mycobacterium fortuitum (174 GU), and Mycobacterium smegmatis (4915 GU) | [165] |
| Antimycobacterial | In vitro | Root bark | Methanol | Microdilution assay against pan-sensitive strain (H37Rv), rifampicin-resistant strain (TMC-331), Mycobacterium avium | Antimycobacterial activity of extract against H37Rv: MIC = 0.39 mg/mL, TMC-331: MIC = 2.35 mg/mL, Mycobacterium avium: MIC = 0.39 mg/mL. The MICs of isoniazid were 0.25 μg/mL and 9.38 μg/mL for H37Rv and TMC-331, respectively | [126] |
| Antimycobacterial | In vitro | Stem bark | Methanol | Microdilution assay against M. tuberculosis | Percentage inhibition of colony formation of different combinations: 0.06 μg/mL ethanol extract with 0.01 μg/mL rifampicin and isoniazid = 99.2%, 0.06 μg/mL methanol extract with 0.01 μg/mL rifampicin and isoniazid = 99% and 0.01 μg/mL rifampicin and isoniazid = 86.2% | [166] |
| Ethanol |
| Antihelmintic | In vitro | Stem bark | Ethanol | Worm motility assessment assay on Ascaridia galli | After 24 hours of exposure, at 50 mg/kg of extracts, average number of worms immobilized out of 10: leaf = 9.46, stem = 7.17, root = 7.92, piperazine = 10 | [124] |
| Root bark |
| Leaves |
| Antihelmintic | In vitro | Leaves | Ethanol | Worm motility assessment assay on Ascaridia galli | At 5% concentration of extracts, average number of worms immobilized out of 10 at different times: 12 h = 5, 24 h = 6, 36 h = 9, 48 h = 10 | [120] |
| Antibacterial | In vitro | Stem and root barks, whole plant, leaves | Ethanol, methanol, chloroform, water | Microbroth dilution assay against S. aureus E. coli, | Ethanolic extracts inactive against E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aeruginosa. Extracts exhibited different antibacterial activities against S. aureus depending on the part of the plant and also the location from where they were harvested. In Mbarara, the root extract was more active (MIC 31.3 mg/mL) than the stem extract (MIC = 3.5 mg/mL). On the other hand, the root extract of Bushenyi was more active (31.3 mg/mL) than that of Ntungamo (4.7 mg/mL). | [19, 26, 91, 123, 127] |
| S. typhi, Bacillus cereus, and P. aeruginosa | Methanolic extract showed better antibacterial activity (6.0 mm inhibition diameter, MIC = 0.23 mg/mL) against S. aureus than the positive reference controls: ampicillin (4.0 mm) and amoxicillin (5.0 mm) |
| In vitro antidiarrheal activity | Chloroform extract of the whole plant had bioactivity against S. aureus, with 7.45 mm inhibition zone diameter |
| Methanolic extract of root bark showed bioactivity against S. aureus, B. cereus, and P. aeruginosa with MIC and MBC of 3.125, 50.00, and 125.00, and 6.25, 100.00, and 250.00 mg/mL, respectively. Aqueous extract of root bark showed bioactivity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa with MIC and MBC of 3.125, 12.50, 250.00, and 125.00, and 3.125, 25.00, 250.00 and 250.00 mg/mL, respectively. |
| Leaf powder exhibited potential antidiarrheal activity in mice. |
| Antibacterial | In vitro | Stem and root bark | Methanol | Microbroth dilution assay against Bacillus cereus, E. coli, Micrococcus luteus, and P. aeruginosa | The extracts were not active on all the bacterial strains | [100] |
| Antibacterial and antifungal | In vitro | Root bark | Erythrabyssins I and II | Microbroth dilution assay against E. coli, S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Penicillium crustosum, P. aeruginosa, Candida utilis, Mucor mucedo, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Candida albicans | E. coli and P. aeruginosa: MIC values of all compounds were greater than 100 μg/mL; | [60, 141] |
| Abyssinones I, II, III, IV, V, VI | S. aureus: with exception of abysssinone II and VI, all the other compounds had MIC values below 100 μg/mL. |
| Phaseolin | Bacillus subtilis: with exception of abyssinones II and VI, all the other compounds had MIC values below 100 μg/mL. |
| Phaseollidin, extract | Penicillium crustosum: MIC values of all compounds were greater than 100 μg/mL. |
| S. cerevisiae and C. utilis: with exception of erythrabyssin I and phaseolin, all the other compounds had MIC values above 100 μg/mL. |
| M. mucedo: with exception of erythrabyssin I, abyssinones I and II, Phaseolin, all the other compounds had MIC values greater than 100 μg/mL. |
| Extract had effective MICs at 25% (w/v) and 12.5% (w/v) with moderate fungal growth observed at 6.25% (w/v) against C. neoformans and C. albicans |
| Antibacterial and antifungal | In vitro | Stem bark | Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol | Microbroth dilution assay against E. coli, S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, C. albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans | Extracts not active on E. coli, weak activity against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae (MIC greater than 50 mg/mL). The methanol extract more active on MRSA (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL) and DCM on S. aureus (MIC = 25.0 mg/mL). Hexane extracts were the least active on all strains. | [62, 167] |
| All extracts had good activity against M. gypseum (MIC less than 12.5 mg/mL) but weak activity against C. albicans and C. neoformans (MIC greater than 100 mg/mL). The hexane extract was active on T. mentagrophytes (MIC = 25.0 mg/mL). |
| Lupinifolin and 9-ethyldodecyl 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoate from methanolic extract had zone of inhibition of 9.0 mm each against B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. The compounds and crude extract inhibited Fusarium spp., Trichophyton spp., and Penicillium spp. with inhibition zones of 9.0–18.0 mm. |
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