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| No. | Latin name | Chinese name | Tibetan name | Family | Medication part | Study on the treatment of DM and its complications | Reported biological activities associated with DM |
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| (1) | Phyllanthus emblica L. | Yu Ganzi | སྦྱུ་རུ་ར | Euphorbiaceae | Fruit | Gallic acid (GA) can downregulate the gene expression of NLRP3 and TXNIP [11] and inhibit the apoptosis of islet beta cells induced by high glucose; the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica can enhance the expression of glut4mrna in skeletal muscle, thus improving insulin resistance and treating DM [12, 13]. | Gallic acid |
| (2) | Terminalia chebula Retz. | He Zi | ཨ་རུ་ར | Junzi family | Fruit | In diabetic rats, chebula extract can reduce the damage caused by the structural and functional changes of mitochondria in the process of oxidative stress and has antioxidant activity and thus antidiabetic activity [14, 15]. | Terminalia chebula extract |
| (3) | Curcuma longa L. | Jiang Huang | ཡུང་བ | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Curcumin can directly inhibit glucose transport in adipocytes [16]. Curcumin can inhibit the expression of Ets-1 and HIF-1a in the retina of diabetic rats and inhibit oxidative stress in the retina of diabetic rats, so as to alleviate the diabetic retinopathy (DR) process [17, 18]. Curcumin may protect the renal function of DKD rats by regulating JNK pathway and reducing the progression of renal sclerosis stress injury and fibrosis in DKD rats [19]. | Curcumin |
| (4) | Berberis kansuensis Schneid | Xiao Bopi | སྐྱེར་པ། | Berberidaceae | Endothelium | Berberis Cortex has a protective effect on retina of diabetic rats [20, 21]. Berbamine can block the voltage-dependent calcium channel and receptor-dependent calcium channel. It can be considered that berbamine may be one of the direct therapeutic substances regulating the retinal vascular endothelial homeostasis in Tibetan Cortex Berberis bark [22]. Berberis bark can improve the pathological changes and pharmacodynamic indexes of DN [22]. | Berberine and berbamine |
| (5) | Lycium chinense Miller | Gou Qi | རདྲེ་ཆོར་མ། | Solanaceae | Fruit | Lycium barbarum polysaccharide can significantly reduce blood glucose and increase insulin index in diabetic patients [23]. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide can effectively prevent and treat DR by increasing the expression of bcl-2 mRNA and protein, reducing the expression of Caspase-3, BAX mRNA, and protein, and reducing the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells [24, 25]. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide has a protective effect on kidney tissue of type 2 diabetic mice, and it is related to the upregulation of PPAR-γ protein expression [26]. | Lycium barbarum polysaccharides |
| (6) | Tribulus terrestris Linn. | Ji Li | གཟེ་མ | Tribulaceae | Fruit | The effect of Tribulus terrestris extract may be related to the decrease of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA content and the inhibition of inflammation [27]. Tribulus terrestris saponin has an inhibitory effect on intestinal α-glucosidase and can reduce the increase in postprandial blood glucose level in normal and type 2 diabetic rats [28]. | Caltrop saponin |
| (7) | Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. | Bai Doukou | སུག་སྨེལ | Zingiberaceae | Fruit | The volatile oil of cardamom Bunge upregulates the expression of MMP-2, TGF-β1, and IGF-2, thus changing the pathological state of DM [29]. | Volatile oil of cardamom bungeanum |
| (8) | Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. | Dang Shen | ཀླུ་བདུད་རྡོ་རྗེ། | Platycodonaceae | Root | Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide can reduce blood glucose in diabetic mice and improve insulin resistance in mice [30]. | Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide |
| (9) | Rosa laevigata Michx. | Jing Yinzi | | Rosaceae | Fruit | Rosa laevigata can reduce the blood glucose level of DM and has preventive and therapeutic effects on DN and liver disease. It can delay the development of diabetic cataract [31–34]. | |
| (10) | Cuscuta chinensis Lam. | Tu Sizi | སྦྲུལ་ཞགས། | Convolvulaceae | Seed | Cuscuta polysaccharide can improve the metabolism of lipopolysaccharide in experimental diabetic rats [35]. | Dodder polysaccharide |
| (11) | Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. | Tian Dong | ཉེ་ཤིང་། | Liliaceae | Root tuber | Asparagus extract can reduce blood glucose level of diabetic mice [36, 37]. | Asparagus extract |
| (12) | Polygonum capitatum Buch. | Tou Hualiao | | Polygonaceae | Whole grass or aboveground part | Polygonum capitatum can improve the islet resistance of db/db mice [38]. | |
| (13) | Xanthium strumarium L. | Cang Er | བྱིས་ཚེར། | The composite family | Fruit | The water extract of Fructus Xanthii has the effect of reducing blood glucose and maintaining blood glucose in hyperglycemic mice [39]. | Xanthium sibiricum water extract |
| (14) | Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderberg | Su Qucao | གར་བྷ་དྲ། | The composite family | Whole grass | The results showed that the total flavonoids of Rhamnospermum could effectively regulate the disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic mice, and it can improve the antioxidant capacity of diabetic mice [40, 41]. | Total flavonoids of Rhamnospermum |
| (15) | Cyperus rotundus L. | Xiang Fu | གླ་སྒང་ | Cyperaceae | Rhizome | Total flavonoids of Cyperus rotundus have a good therapeutic effect on diabetic rats and can effectively reduce blood glucose, regulate blood lipid, and oxidative stress disorder [42]. | Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Cyperi |
| (16) | Apis cerana Fabricius | Feng Mi | སྦྲང་མ། | Apidae | Honey | Honey can effectively promote the healing of diabetic foot ulcer, and wet compress of raw honey and Yunnan Baiyao can promote wound healing; and the curative effect is affirmative [43, 44]. | |
| (17) | Anthriscus sylvestris (L.) Hoffm. | E Shen | ལྕ་བ | Umbelliferae | Root and leaf | The traditional Chinese medicine composition for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuralgia provided by the invention has an affirmative curative effect on diabetic peripheral neuralgia [45]. | |
| (18) | Carthamus tinctorius L. | Hong Hua | གུར་ཀུམ | The composite family | Flower | Safflower yellow injection can be used to treat early type 2 DR and improve the imbalance of VEGF and ES secretion [46]. Safflower injection has a positive effect on improving serum-related indicators and fundus blood flow in patients with DR, so its clinical application value in patients with DR is relatively higher [47]. Moreover, anthocyanin can reduce the contents of VEGF and PDGF in retina of diabetic rats through some mechanism, thus inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels and delaying DR [48, 49]. And safflower yellow applied to early patients is beneficial [50]. | Safflower yellow pigment |
| (19) | Punica granatum L. | Shi Liu | སེ་འབྲུ། | Pomegranate family | Fruit | Upregulation of PDX-1 expression in pancreas and improvement of islet function in diabetic mice [51]. | Pomegranate flower tanning polyphenols |
| (20) | Fel Ursi | Xiong Dan | དོམ་མཁྲིས | Ursidae | Gallbladder | The bear bile drainage solution exerts its antioxidant capacity to reduce the oxidative damage of nerve tissue mitochondria caused by DM [14]. UDCA eliminates no and oxygen-free radicals produced by STZ, protects β-islet cells from excessive apoptosis, and thus reduces blood glucose [52]. | Ursodeoxycholic acid |
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