Ethnopharmacological Study of Medicinal Plants in Bajwat Wildlife Sanctuary, District Sialkot, Punjab Province of Pakistan

Table 2

List of plants with voucher numbers, their families, vernaculars written in English and Urdu, different plant parts to treat ailments, mode of administration, life forms, occurrence, and use reports (URs) for each preparation and their reported ethnomedical uses.

Family/species (accession no.)	Vernacular (Urdu name)	Part(s) used	Disease(s) treated/other uses	Mode of preparation(s) (UR against each disease)	Mode of adm.	Life form	Occurrence	Similar use(s) references
Adiantaceae/Adiantum philippense L.; (BWS-066)	Chota kalbatra (چھوٹا کل بترا)	Leaves, rhizome	Infections, fever/blood purifier	The decoction of the rhizome is used to treat fever and febrile conditions in children (2). Plant extract is used as a blood purifier (2). The juice is applied to skin infections (1).	Oral, topical	HB	Rare
Alliaceae/Allium cepa L.; (BWS-069)	Piaz, ganda (پیاز ,گنڈا)	Leaves, bulb	Dyspepsia, stomach issues, inflation, diabetes/antiseptic, sting treatment	Macerated infusions and juice are used for the treatment of dyspepsia (17), stomach pain (12) and acute catarrhal inflation (10). Macerations are used against snake bites and other stings (15).	Oral, cataplasm	HB	Common
Allium sativum L.; (BWS-068)	Thom (تھوم)	Leaves, rhizome	Diabetes, cholesterol, skin infections, bites of insects, spiders and snakes, hypertension, kidney stones	Used as a condiment and for treatment of dyspepsia (7) and the constant rattling of mucus in bronchi (11). Extract and maceration are used on skin infections and bites (12). Chewing cloves helps to manage hypertension (15). The juice is used for kidney stones (12).	Oral, cataplasm	HB	Common
Amaranthaceae/Achyranthes aspera L.; (BWS-067)	Putthkanda (پوٹھکنڈا)	Whole plant	Blindness, cough, asthma treatment, scorpion bites, kidney stones/antilithic, analgesic	Decoctions are prepared with other medicinal plants used for cough (2) and to relieve pain (1). Leaves are used for UTIs treatment (4). The whole plant is used for kidney stones (3). Extracts are used for eye infections (1).	Oral, eye drops, topical	HWB	Common	[13]
Amaranthus spinosus L.; (BWS-070)		Whole plant	Leucorrhoea, habitual abortion, vomiting, allergic asthma, fever, piles and leprosy	Tinctures and decoctions are used for the mentioned diseases. Decoctions are used to induce abortion (1), vomiting (1), fever (2), piles (1), and leprosy (1).	Oral	HWB	Common
Anacardiaceae/Mangifera indica L.; (BWS-072)	Aamb (آم)	Whole plant	Scorpion stings/digestive issues treatment, blood purification, induce child delivery	The leaf extract is applied to scorpion-sting (4). Decoctions are used for digestive issues (6). Fruit induces delivery (2) and juice as a blood purifier (3).	Oral, topical	TT	Common
Apiaceae/Centella asiatica (L.) Urban; (BWS-071)	Ghhor sumbi (گھوڑ سمبی)	Whole plant	Brain health, digestive disorders	Brain tonic (1), plant tablets are a strong drug for mentally retarded children (3). The plant extract is used for digestive disorder treatment (3).	Oral	CP	Rare
Coriandrum sativum L.; (BWS-062)	Dhannia (دھنیا)	Seeds, oil, leaves	Carminative, bile issues and hypertension treatment, skin treatment	Extract and decoctions are used. Dilute aqueous extracts are used as a cooling agent to treat hypertension (10). Leaves extracts and teas are used for digestive disorders (15). Oils and extracts are used to treat dry scalp (10). The seed extract is antibacterial and sedative used in lotions and shampoo (15).	Oral, ointments, cataplasm	GH	Common
Carum copticum L.; (BWS-063)	Daisi ajwain (دیسی اجاوین)	Seeds	Stomach trouble, fever, malaria, and flu	Oil is extracted, used for flu (7). Decoctions and the powder are used for stomach treatments (6). Seeds are used as masticatory (7). Leaves and seeds are used for malaria and fever (5).	Oral, ointment	GH	Common
Daucus carota L.; (BWS-065)	Gajar (گاجر)	Roots, seeds	Improve vision, blood purification, anemia treatment	Extracts are prepared and used for the treatment of anemia (20) and the purification of blood (10). Juice and extract are used to improve vision (30).	Oral	HB	Common
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.; (BWS-064)	Saunf (سونف)	Seed, oil, leaves	Infections, fever, liver issues, digestive issues/blood purification	Leaves and seed extract are used in fever (12), liver (2) and digestive complaints (8), seeds cooked in milk increase lactation and nourishment (12). Oil from seeds is vermicide and antimicrobial (12).	Oral	HB	Common
Apocynaceae/Nerium indicum Mill.; (BWS-073)	Kanera (کنیرا)	Roots, leaves	Promotes abortion	The root powder is used for the preparation of drugs to promote abortion (5)	Oral, ornamental	SH	Rare
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don; (BWS-074)	Sadaa bahar (صدا بہار)	Leaves	Digestive disorders	Leaves extracts and decoctions are prepared to relieve constipation (4) and digestive issues (4)	Oral, ornamental	HB	Common	[17]
Arecaceae/Phoenix dactylifera L.; (BWS-059)	Khajoor (کھجور)	Leaves, fruit	Aphrodisiacs, hepatic treatment, anemia treatment	Edible fruit, rich in sugar, useful tonic (7). Fruit boiled with goat and cow milk is used as an aphrodisiac (10). Fruit helps to treat anemic conditions (8).	Oral	MP	Rare	[17]
Asclepdiaceae/^†Calotropis procera (ait.) ait. f.; (BWS-060)	Ak sinn (اک سن)	Leaves, roots, flower	Infections, pneumonia, leprosy/antidote	Young leaves together with onion and salt are used in snakebite (12). Milky juice cures skin infections (8). Latex is used for the treatment of pneumonia fever (2) and leprosy (2). Poisonous plant.	Oral, cataplasm	SB	Common	[17]
Asteraceae/Ageratum conyzoides L.; (BWS-001)		Whole plant	Asthma, bronchitis/stops bleeding, postpartum recovery	Plant extract and juice are prepared for asthma (3) and other respiratory disorders and postpartum recovery (5). The paste is used to stop bleeding (3).	Oral, topical	BSH	Common
Cichorium intybus L.; (BWS-061)	Kasni (کاسنی)	Roots, leaves	Hepatitis A, B, and C, kidney disorders, digestive disorders	Extract from leaves, used in jaundice (3) and other liver complaints (3) and digestive disorders (2)	Oral	HB	Common
Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.; (BWS-075)	Bhangra (بھنگڑا)	Whole plant	Skin infections, hepatic ulcers	Plant paste is used for the treatment of skin infections (3). The decoction of the leaf is a liver tonic (2).	Oral	HB	Common	[17]
^†Parthenium hysterophorus L.; (BWS-057)	Kauri booti (کوڑی بوٹی)	Leaves, flowers	Diabetes, cold, fever, poisonous plant	Extracts are used for the treatment of diabetes (7) and fever (2). The plant is poisonous and causes various respiratory tract allergies and infections.	Oral	SB	Common
Tagetes erecta L.; (BWS-056)	Gutta, jangli satt barga (گٹہ ،جنگلی ست برگہ)	Leaves, flowers	Wound, injuries, snake bites, UTIs/antiseptic, hepatoprotective	Extracts, decoction, juice and powder are prepared for the treatment of liver (3), kidney stones (3). The paste is applied to the bites of the snake (2).	Oral, cataplasm, ointment	HB	Common
Xanthium strumarium L.; (BWS-058)	Jojra (جوجرا)	Root, leaves, fruit	Smallpox/antimalarial, cancer treatment, improve vision	Decoctions are used in the treatment of long-standing malaria (4). Roots are used to treat cancer (3). The fruit is used in smallpox (2) and eye ailments (3).	Oral, ointments	SB	Rare	[17]
Bombacaceae/Bombax ceiba L.; (BWS-076)	Simbal, sumbal (سمبل ،سنبل)	Whole plant and its products	Bleeding gums, toothache and sores in the mouth, enlargement of spleen	Branches are used as a masticatory and toothbrush. Powder and fresh leaves are chewed to relieve bleeding gums (2) and toothaches (2). Decoctions are used to treat enlarged spleen (3).	Oral	TT	Common	[13]
Bombax spp; (BWS-034)	Barru ghas (بارو گھاس)	Stem and inflorescence	Digestive disorders	The inflorescence is used to treat digestive disorders (6)	Oral, other	HB	Common	[13]
Brassicaceae/Brassica nigra (L.) Koch; (BWS-077)	Saroon (سروں)	Leaves, seeds, oil	Antiseptic, joint pains	Oil is antiseptic (7) and used for joint pain (8)	Oral, ointment	HB	Common
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.; (BWS-079)		Leaves	Uterine infection	Infusion from the plant is prepared to treat uterine infections (5)	Oral	HB	Common
Eruca sativa Mill.; (BWS-010)	Tara mera, kara bara (تارا میرا ،کارا بارا)	Leaves, seeds, oil	Scabies, dandruff/antiseptic, antiallergic, skin treatments	Seeds oil is highly antiseptic (5); used to cure itching (7), and skin infections (7). Oil cake is used as cattle feed to cure digestive ailments (3).	Topical	HB	Common
Raphanus sativus L.; (BWS-081)	Mooli (مولی)	Leaves, roots, flowers, fruit	Stomach pain, ringworm/laxative, digestive treatment, kidney stone treatment	The root is eaten as food. Decoctions cure stomach troubles (9). The water of leaves cures ringworm (8). Pods are used as a vegetable. Root water is extracted to cure kidney stones (10).	Oral	HB	Common
Caesalpiniaceae/Bauhinia racemosa Lamk.; (BWS-080)		Whole plant	Diarrhea, dysentery, ulcers, inflammation, biliousness, UTIs	Root bark extracts are used to treat diarrhea (3), dysentery (2), stomach ulcers (2), kidney stones (2) and inflammation (1). Stem bark extract cures biliousness and urinary discharge (1).	Oral	BT	Rare
Bauhinia variegata L.; (BWS-078)	Kachnar (کچنار)	Bark, leaves, seed, root, flowers	Ulcers, gastrointestinal disorders, and piles	The extract is used to cure stomach ulcer (4) and digestive disorders and piles (2)	Oral	TR	Rare
Cassia fistula L.; (BWS-002)	Amaltas (امالتاس)	Fruit, root bark, stem leaves, flower	Skin disease, heart diseases, stomach ulcers and relieve heartburns, tuberculosis	Topical applications treat skin diseases (2). The root extract is useful in tuberculosis treatment (2) and burning sensation (2). Seeds extracts are emetic (1). Fruit extract cures leprosy (2). Pod tea is used to cure cough (7).	Oral, topical	TR	Rare	[17]∗
Cannabaceae/Cannabis sativa L. (BWS-088)	Bhang (بھنگ)	All parts	Narcotic, nervous disorders, e.g., epilepsy, mania, dementia, irritable reflexes	Plant aqueous extracts are prepared separately or with different plants for treatments. Dried leaves are smoked as narcotics (12). Leaves and flowers are smoked to cure nervous disorders (8).	Oral, inhaled	SB	Common	[17]
Chenopodiaceae/Chenopodium album L. (BWS-084)	Bathu (باتھو)	Vegetative parts, seeds, oil	Digestive disorders/insecticidal, hepatoprotective	Flowers and buds are used in stomach troubles (6). Seeds are used in hepatic disorders and spleen enlargement (2). Oil kills worms (1).	Oral	HB	Common	[13]
Chenopodium ambrosioides L.; (BWS-087)	Kurund (کرونڈ)	Vegetative parts	Insecticidal	Used to kill insects (3)	Oral	HB	Common
Convolvulaceae/Convolvulus arvensis L. (BWS-085)	Leli (لیلی)	Whole plant	Digestive disorders, respiratory disorders, kidney stones	The whole plant is purgative and extracts are prepared for the treatment of cough (2). Tea is prepared to remove kidney stones (2).	Oral	CP	Rare	[13]
Crassulaceae/Kalanchoe pinnata (lam.) Pers; (BWS-086)	Patthar chat (پتھر چٹ)	Leaves	Kidney stones, wound treatment, ringworms, and other skin disorders	Leaves are eaten with common salt to treat kidney stones (5). Juice of leaves is applied to injuries (4) and ringworms (2).	Juice, cataplasm	HB	Rare
Cucurbitaceae/Cucumis melo-var agrestis Naudin.; (BWS-083)	Chibra (چبڑا)	Fruit, seeds	Digestive disorders	Fruit and seeds extracts are used to cure digestive malfunctioning (7)	Oral	CP	Common	[17]
Momordica charantia L.; (BWS-082)	Karela (کریلہ)	Fruit	Malaria, skin disorders/dengue treatment, antiseptic	The water of fruit is used as a blood purifier (12) and for dengue (5) treatment. The paste is applied to the skin to treat infections (9).	Oral, topical	CP	Common
Citrullus lanatus (thunb.) mats. and Nakai; (BWS-089)	Tarbooz, dawana (تربوز ،ڈوانا)	Fruit, seeds	Digestive disorders, fever	The fruit is used as a cooling agent (9). Cotyledons of seed are used to cure digestive disorders (3).	Oral	CP	Common
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb; (BWS-003)	Kali tori (کالی توری)	Fruit	Digestive disorders/laxative	Extracts are prepared for the treatment of constipation and digestive issues (4)	Oral	CRH	Common
Cuscutaceae/Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.; (BWS-090)	Akash bail (آکاش بیل)	All parts	Kidney stones treatment, hepatic disorders	It is purgative and extracts are used in the liver (4) and kidney disorders (3)	Oral	PE	Common
Cyperaceae/Cyperus rotundus L.; (BWS-009)	Dela (ڈیلہ)	Rhizome	Digestive disorders, fever, cardiac disorders	The tuber is useful in stomach disorders (1). Soup of tuber is useful in diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, vomiting, cholera (1) and fever (1). Whole plant juice is prepared for heatstroke (1).	Oral	RH	Common	[17]
Cyperus scariosus R.Br.; (BWS-028)	Bara dela (بڑا ڈیلہ)	Rhizome	Digestive disorders, fever, cholera	The tuber is useful in stomach disorders (1). Soup of tuber is useful in diarrhea (1), dysentery, dyspepsia, vomiting, cholera and fever (1).	Oral	RH	Common
Equisetaceae/Equisetum spp.; (BWS-091)	Baansi booti (بانسی بوٹی)	Whole plant	Cough treatment	Tea is used to treat dry cough (5)	Other	HB	Common
Euphorbiaceae/† Euphorbia helioscopia L.; (BWS-004)	Daddar booti (دادار بوٹی)	Latex, leaves	Ringworm treatment, narcotic, constipation	The plant is narcotic and a little poisonous. The milky latex is applied to skin infection especially in ringworm disease (4). Extracts are used for digestive disorders (2).	Oral, topical	HB	Common
† Ricinus communis L.; (BWS-006)	Dhola, airn, arind (ڈھولہ ،ایرن ،ارنڈ)	Oil, seed, root	Digestive disorders, joint pains, poisonous plant	Oil and decoctions are used in the treatment of constipation (4), also increase milk production (3) and treatment of painful joints (3). The extract is used for stomach ulcer treatment (6).	Oral, topical	MT	Common	[17]
Fumariaceae/Fumaria indica (hausskn.) Pugsley; (BWS-093)	Shahtara (شاہتارا)	Whole plant	Blood purification, sweating treatment	Whole herb extract is used as a blood purifier (6). The extract is prepared to treat excessive sweating (3).	Oral	HB	Common
Fabaceae/Cicer arietinum L.; (BWS-026)	Chana (چنا)	Seeds, leaves	Leucorrhea, animals’ medicine	Roasted grams aqueous extracts are said to be beneficial in leucorrhea (10). Seed coats used as a food supplement for livestock.	Oral	SH	Common
Lens culinaris Medik.; (BWS-092)	Massur (مسور)	Seeds	Cold and fever	Seeds are used in the treatment of fever and cold (3)	Other	SH	Common
Pisum sativum L.; (BWS-005)	Matar (مٹر)	Seeds	Food	Green unripe seeds and ripened seeds are used as pulses and vegetable (3)	Other	SH	Common
Melilotus indica (L.) All.; (BWS-011)	Methri (میتھری)	Leaves	Respiratory disorders, digestive ailments	Seed powder is used in asthma treatment (4). Decoctions are recommended into abdominal ailments (3).	Oral	SH	Common
Medicago polymorpha L.; (BWS-094)	Maina (مینا)	Leaves, buds	Infections	Skin infections (5)	Other	SH	Common
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.; (BWS-027)	Methy, methry (میتھی ،میتھرے)	Leaves, seeds	Respiratory disorders, kidney disorders, fever, joint pain	Seeds are used in asthma (2), fever (1), sore throat (2) and pains in the body (2)	Oral	SH	Common
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.; (BWS-012)	Tahli (تہلی)	Bark and wood	Digestive disorders	Decoctions and juice are prepared from leaves for the treatment of digestive disorders (11)	Oral	TR	Common	[13]
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merrill; (BWS-018)	Janter, jantri (جنتر جینتری)	Fiber, wood, seeds	Animals’ medicine	The seed is used as a food supplement for livestock (7)	Other	SB	Common
Crotalaria juncea L.; (BWS-007)	Sann (سان)	Stem, fiber	Digestive treatment	Fiber is used as a laxative (10)	Other	SB	Common
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre.; (BWS-019)	Sukh chan (سکھ چین)	Shoots	Dental issues, skin disorders	Shoots are used to make toothbrushes (11). The paste is used for the treatment of skin disorders such as ringworms (6).	Oral, tropical	TR	Common	[13]
Lamiaceae/Leucas aspera (willd.) Link; (BWS-095)	Piddu (پڈو)	Leaves, flowers and fruit	Antimalarial, respiratory disorders	Extract of leaves, flowers and fruit are used as an antimalarial drug (4). The extract is used to treat cough (2).	Oral	SB	Common	[17]
Mentha arvensis L.; (BWS-008)	Podina (پودینا)	Leaves, whole plant	Digestive disorders, dermal treatment	Syrup of leaves used in digestive diseases (30). Extracts are used in cosmetic products (24).	Oral, topical	SB	Common
Ocimum basilicum L.; (BWS-013)	Niazbo (نیازبو)	Leaves, seeds	Headache, fever	Tea is prepared from leaves to relieve headaches (12). Extracts have a potential role to treat fever (12).	Oral	HB	Common
Salvia splendens sellow ex Schult.; (BWS-096)	Sinji (سنجی)	Whole plant	Animals’ medicine	Used to treat livestock digestive disorders (8)	Other	SH	Common
Liliaceae/Aloe vera (L.) burm. f.; (BWS-054)	Kavaar gandal (کوار گندل)	Leaves, pulp	Dermal treatment, joint pains	Leaf pulp is a skin tonic and is used in medicines and cosmetics (25). Pulp cooked in milk is useful in joints pain (35).	Ointment, topical, cataplasm	HB	Common	[17]
Linaceae/Linum usitatissimum L.; (BWS-024)	Alsi (السی)	Seeds, fiber	Gout treatment, rheumatic issues, food, laxative, animals’ medicine	Seeds are used in rheumatic (10) and gout swellings (2). Laxative in the case of hemorrhoids (11). Oil is edible. Oil cake is a cattle food supplement (2).	Oral, ointment	HB	Common
Malvaceae/Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet.; (BWS-025)	Muhri booti (مہری بوٹی)	Bark, seed, root	Infections, fever, digestive disorders, respiratory and neural issues	Leaf paste applied in fever (4) and headache (4). Flowers are used for boils (1) and stomach ulcers (2). Seeds are used as a laxative (4). Powder of flowers, fruit and root is used in cough (2) and leprosy (1).	Oral, topical	HB	Rare
Hibiscus rosasinensis L.; (BWS-020)	Chini gulab (چین گلاب)	Flower petals	Kidney stones	Extracts are used for the treatment of kidney stones (11)	Oral	SB	Common	[17]
Meliaceae/Azadirachta indica (adr. Juss.); (BWS-014)	Neem (نیم)	Wood, leaves, fruit	Blood purifier, dermal treatment	Leaves are used as skin tonic in cosmetics and skin diseases (40). Extract of leaf purifies the blood (10). The fruit is edible.	Oral, topical, cataplasm	TR	Common	[13]
Melia azedarach L.; (BWS-015)	Dharek (دھریک)	Leaves and wood	Blood purifier, infections treatment, dermal disorders, diabetes	Wood and leaf extracts are blood purifier (30), it cures diabetes (20)	Oral, topical, cataplasm	TR	Common	[17]
Mimosaceae/Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile; (BWS-055)	Kikri (ککری)	Bark, leaf, fruit	Respiratory disorders, digestive issues	The bark is used to cure cough (12) and dysentery (10). Leaves cure stomach ulcers (5). Pods and seeds are also medicinal.	Oral	MT	Common	[17]
Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.; (BWS-023)	Sharin (شریں)	Bark, gum, wood	Respiratory ailments, digestive disorders, laxative, relieve pain	Extracts are used for the treatment of various respiratory (5) and digestive ailments (5). Bark and gums are of medicinal values and used as a laxative (6).	Oral	TR	Common
Moraceae/Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit.; (BWS-053)	Jangli shehtoot (جنگلی شاہتوت)	Wood	Respiratory ailments	Used to treat respiratory disorders of livestock (10) and humans (7)	Others	TR	Common
Ficus carica L.; (BWS-021)	Angeer, pakwari (انجیر ،پکواری)	Fruit, latex	Wound treatment, digestive disorders, blood purifier	Milk of plant is anti-microbial and is applied to wounds and injuries (10). The fruit is a tonic and cures digestive diseases (16) fruit is available in fresh and dry form, used as a blood purifier (10)	Oral, topical	MT	Common
Ficus palmata Forssk.; (BWS-016)	Jangli pakwari/Anjeer (جنگلی پکواری/انجیر)	Fruit, latex	Wound treatment, digestive disorders	Milk of plant is antimicrobial and is applied to wounds and injuries. The fruit is a tonic and cures digestive diseases.	Oral, topical	MT	Common (19)
Ficus glomerata Roxb.; (BWS-017)	Gullar, rumbal (گلر ،رمبل)	Wood, fruit	UTIs treatment, dermal disorders, sexual disorders, digestive disorders	The fruit is used in the treatment of urinary discharges (7), leucorrhea (4), skin diseases (4) and stomach ulcers (5)	Oral	LT	Common
Morus acedosa Griff.; (BWS-022)	Shahtoo (شاہتوت)	Fruit, wood	Cough treatment, bronchitis, sputum relieving	Fruit extract and juice are used for respiratory disorders (35)	Oral	TR	Common
Morus alba L.; (BWS-032)	Chitta toot (چٹہ توت)	Leaves, fruit, wood	Digestive disorders, hepatic treatment	Edible fruit, laxative (10), increase bile production (10), soothe throat sore (9) and pain in tonsils (10)	Oral	TR	Common
Morus nigra L.; (BWS—029)	Kala toot, toot sia (کالا توت)	Leaves, fruit, wood	Food, digestive disorders, hepatic treatment, respiratory disorders	The syrup is made from fruit which cures cough (13) and sore throat (12). Other uses are the same as in the case of M. alba	Oral	TR	Common	[17]
Myricaceae/Psidium guajava L.; (BWS-031)	Amrood (امرود)	Fruit	Digestive disorders, respiratory infections	Nutritive fruit, good for digestive tracts (20), medicinal in case of diarrhea (12). Ashes of dried fruit are used for the treatment of whooping cough (20).	Oral	TR	Common
Myrtaceae/Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh; (BWS-097)	Safeda (سفیدہ)	Wood, leaves	Cold, cough, fever	Leave extracts and tinctures are used for the treatment of cough (13) and cold (12)	Oral	TR	Rare
Oleaceae/Jasminum grandiflorum L.; (BWS-052)	Chambeli (چمبیلی)	Root, leaves, flowers	Dermal issues	The plant is used for healing chronic ulcers (12), skin diseases (12) and poisonous infections. Roots are used for ringworm (12).	Oral, topical	SB	Common
Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait.; (BWS-030)	Motia (موتیا)	Root, leaves, flowers	Dermal disorders, ringworm treatment, digestive disorders, eye disorders	The plant is used for healing chronic stomach ulcers (12), skin diseases (10) and poisonous infections (10). The root is used for ringworm treatment (10). Leaves boiled in oil are used as a balm which is used for anointing the head in eye complaints and to improve vision (12).	Oral, topical	SB	Common
Oxalidaceae/Oxalis corniculata L.; (BWS-101)	Khatti booti (کھٹی بوٹی)	Whole plant	Food, dyspepsia, piles, anemia, fever, dysentery, scurvy	The plant is medicinal, aqueous extracts cure dyspepsia (4), piles (2), anemia (2), fever (2), dysentery (3) and scurvy (2)	Oral	HB	Common
Papaveraceae/Argemone mexicana L.; (BWS-098)	Kandiari (کنڈیاری)	Root, seed, juice and oil	Dermal treatment, hepatic disorders, animals’ treatment	Seeds are a source of oil; used as a lubricant (8). Root used in chronic skin diseases (2). Plant juice is used in oedema (2), jaundice (2) and cutaneous infections (2). It is also used for cattle skin diseases (2).	Oral, topical, ointments	HB	Rare
Poaceae/Arundo donax L.; (BWS-099)	Narr (ناڑ)	Leaves, stem	Menstrual pain, headache	Extracts are prepared and used to relieve multiple pains (3)	Oral, other	SHS	Common	[14]
Avena sativa L.; (BWS-100)	Jangli jae, jawi (جنگلی جائی ،جاوی)	Vegetative parts	Cardiac disorders, respiratory disorders	Infusions and decoctions are prepared to treat cardiac ailments (4) and respiratory disorders (4)	Oral	HB	Common
Bambusa arundinacea (retz.) Willd.; (BWS-102)	Bans (بانس)	Stem	Joint pain	Powder from stem nodes is used to treat joint pains (12)	Other	LT	Common
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; (BWS-033)	Khabbal ghas (کھبل گھاس)	Whole plant, leaves	Hemorrhage, anemia, skin infections	Infusion and decoctions are prepared for skin treatment (10). Tinctures are used for the treatment of anemia (12) and hemorrhage (12).	Oral	HB	Common
Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv; (BWS-103)	Swank ghaas (ساوناک گھاس)	Leaves	Skin infection	It is used to treat infections (7)	Other	HB	Common
Triticum aestivum L.; (BWS-050)	Kanak, gandum (کنک ،گندم)	Straw, seeds	Antiseptic	Extracts are antiseptic (15)	Oral	CLH	Common
Saccharum officinarum L.; (BWS-035)	Ganna (گنا)	Stem	Food, hepatoprotective	Source of sugar. The juice is used to treat jaundice and hepatitis (16).	Oral	CLH	Common
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.; (BWS-051)	Bajra (باجرہ)	Whole plant	Malnutrition, weight loss	Extracts are used for malnutrition and weight loss treatment (9)	Oral	CLH	Common
Polygonaceae/Rumex dentatus L.; (BWS-104)	Jangli palak (جنگلی پالک)	Root and vegetative parts	Respiratory disorders, abortifacient	Used as a cough remedy (11). Leaves extracts are prepared to induce abortion (4).	Oral	HB	Common
Primulaceae/Anagallis arvensis L.; (BWS-107)	Kokoo ghass (کوکو گھاس)	Leaves, seeds	Skin disorders, wound healing	Decoctions are used for hydrophobia and dropsy treatment (8). It also cures warts and itching (8).	Topical	HB	Common
Pteridaceae/Pteris spp.; (BWS-105)	Kalbatra (کلبترا)	Rachis	Nutrient balance, fertilizer	Help to balance nutrients in the body. It increases Cu++ and As++ ions in soil (5).	Other	HB	Rare
Rhamnaceae/Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.; (BWS-108)	Ber, beri (بیر ،بیری)	Wood, fruit	Digestive disorders, hepatic issues	Edible fruit; laxative (10), increase bile production (6)	Oral	TR	Common
Ziziphus nummularia (burm. F.) wight and Arn; (BWS-109)	Jangli ber (جنگلی بیر)	Fruit, shoots	Nourishment	Edible fruit help in malnutrition (11)	Other	SB	Common
Rosaceae/Rosa alba L.; (BWS-106)	Chitta gulab (چٹہ گلاب)	Flower petals, juice, oil	Antimicrobial, digestive disorders, ornamental, perfumes, food	Rosewater is of medicinal value. It is skin tonic (10), antimicrobial (10) and laxative (10).	Oral	SB	Common
Prunus persica; (BWS-110)	Aru (آڑو)	Leaves, fruit, seeds	Digestive disorders, skin disorders, animals’ treatment	Leaves of this plant kill worms (10). Extract of leaves is used to kill worms found in wounds of cattle (11). The ripened fruit is good for the proper functioning of the digestive system (11).	Oral, topical	TR	Common
Rosa indica L.; (BWS-111)	Desi gulab (دیسی گلاب)	Flower, oil	Skin disorders	The paste is used to enhance the skin glow (20)	Oral, topical	SB	Common	[17]
Rosa damascena Mill.; (BWS-038)	Gulab (گلاب)	Flower petals, oil	Skin disorders	Petals are used to treat skin disorders (5)	Tropical	SB	Rare
Eriobotrya japonica (thumb.) Lindl.; (BWS-049)	Lokaat (لوکھاٹ)	Fruit	Diabetes	The ripened fruit is edible and the extract is used to treat diabetes (16)	Oral	TR	Common
Rutaceae/Citrus aurantifolia (christm.) Swingle.; (BWS-039)	Nimboo (نمبو)	Fruit	Infections, malaria, fever, cough, skin disorders	Juice of fruit is used in the treatment of fever and malaria (12). Fruit juice and the extract from fruit peel are used to cure acne and black marks on the skin (20). The fruit is used in cosmetics.	Oral, topical	SB	Common
Citrus maxima (burf.) Merr.; (BWS-036)	Chakotra (چکوترا)	Leaves, fruit	Diabetes	Fruit juice is useful for diabetic patients (14)	Oral	SB	Common
Scrophulariaceae/Verbasum thapsus L.; (BWS-037)	Gitthar tambako (گتھر تمباکو)	Leaves	Narcotic, respiratory disorders	The plant is narcotic (4). The smoke of dried leaves is inhaled in bronchitis (3)	Inhaled	SB	Common
Solanaceae/Capsicum annuum L.; (BWS-048)	Surkh mirch (سرخ مرچ)	Fruit	Snake bites	Fruit paste is used against bites of insects (8)	Oral, cataplasm	SB	Fruit
† Datura innoxia Mill.; (BWS-042)	Aam dhadura (عام دھاتورا)	Root, stem, leaves, fruit, seeds	Skin disorders	Flower extract is used for the treatment of skin disorders such as itching, scabies, ulcer, leprosy dandruff (4). The plant is poisonous.	Oral	SB	Rare
† Datura metel L.; (BWS-040)	Kala datura (کالا داتورا)	Root, stem, leaves, fruit, seeds	Skin disorders, treatment of rabid dog-bites	Extracts are used for skin treatments such as itching, scabies, ulcer, leprosy dandruff (3). The plant is poisonous. Leave extract is applied on rabid dog-bites (2).	Cataplasm	SB	Common
Nicotiana tabacum L.; (BWS-041)	Tambaco (تمباکو)	Leaves	Digestive disorders, narcotic, neural issues, respiratory treatment	Aqueous extracts and tinctures are laxative (8), tonic, emetic (2), narcotic (10), carminative (1), antiseptic (6), sedative (10), and useful in bronchitis and asthma (12). Dried leaves are smoked as narcotics.	Oral, inhaled	SB	Common
Solanum indicum L.; (BWS-043)	Bari kandiari (باری کنڈیاری)	Fruits, seed	Respiratory disorders	Extracts are used for the treatment of catarrhal infections (2). Fruit tea is prepared to cure asthma and cough (8).	Oral	PS	Common
Solanum nigrum L.; (BWS-047)	Makoo, pilk (مکو ،پلک)	Leaves, fruit, seeds	ENT issues, digestive disorders, skin disorders and infections treatment	Root bark extract is a laxative (6), useful in diseases of ears, eyes and nose (2). It is good for ulcers on the neck (2), burning of throats and chronic fever (2).	Oral, topical	HB	Common	[17]
Solanum surattense burm. f.; (BWS-046)	Chhoti kandiari (چھوٹی کنڈیاری)	Leaves, fruit, seeds	Influenza, fever, difficult urination, bladder stone, sore throat, cardiac diseases and promote fertility in women.	Plant aqueous extracts are used for the treatment of bladder stones and painful urination (7). Tinctures are prepared to treat influenza, cough (7) and sore throat (9). The fruit extract is considered useful to promote fertility in women (4). The seed extract is used to treat cardiac ailments (2).	Oral	HB	Rare
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal; (BWS-112)	Asgand (اصغند)	Roots, fruit, seeds	Diabetes, insomnia treatment	Leaves and roots are used for restful sleep. The extract is prepared from leaves and roots to treat diabetes (6).	Oral	HB	Common	[17]
Tamaricaceae/Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst.; (BWS-113)	Pilshi (پلشی)	Shoots, wood	Anti-infectious	The smoke of the shoot is antimicrobial (5)	Inhaled	MT	Rare	[17]
Verbenaceae/Vitex negundo L.; (BWS-114)	Bannaa (بانا)	Leaves, young twigs	Respiratory disorders, nervous disorders	Leaves are heated with mustards oil and applied to the chest in case of bronchitis (8). Young twigs are eaten to cure cough (8), asthma (8), fever (4), eye diseases (6), inflammatory (2), intestinal worms (3), ulcers (3), nervous disorders (3) and leprosy (3).	Oral, topical, cataplasm	MT	Common
Lantana camara L.; (BWS-045)	Punj phuli (پنج پھولی)	Whole plant	Hepatoprotective	Extracts are used for the treatment of jaundice (3)	Oral	SB	Common
Vitaceae/Vitis vinifera L.; (BWS-044)	Angoor (انگور)	Fruit	Cough, digestive disorders	The fruit is nutritive, tonic and medicinal (2)	Oral	LC	Rare

Occur, occurrence; Adm, administration; URs, use report; Rpt; reported, HB, herb; SB, shrub; TR, tree; PE, parasitic epiphyte; BT, bushy tree; TT, tall tree; BSH, bushy shrub; MP, medium palm; GH, glabrous herb; HWB, herb woody base; CP, creeping herb; RH, rhizobious herb; MT, medium tree; SH, small herb; SHS, shrub with hallow stem; CLH, cultivated herb; PS, prickly shrub; LC, large climber; CRH, climbing herb; indicates species enlisted in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; † represents poisonous plants, indicates plants enlisted in Pakistan Herbal Pharmacopoeia. References from previous ethnomedicinal studies from district Sialkot and comparison with Pakistan Herbal Pharmacopeia that reported similar formulations to treat similar ailments are decorated as well.