A Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Persicaria lanigera Possesses Antinociceptive Activity through Cytokine and Glutamatergic Pathways In Vivo

Figure 5

The effect of PLE and morphine on TNF-α-induced hyperalgesia: (a) time-course curve; (b) AUCs of the time-course curve. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. Each datum represents the mean of five animals and the error bars indicate SEM. The symbols and † indicate the significance levels compared to respective controls: , , (two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test); , , (one-way ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls post hoc test).

(a)

(b)