Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

A Review on Antidiabetic Activity of Centaurea spp.: A New Approach for Developing Herbal Remedies

Table 1

Antidiabetic activity of Centaurea spp.


Entry		Centaurea spp.	Action	Part	Extract	Activity^a	Reference

1	In vitro studies	C. bornmuelleri	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	33.12 ± 0.32 (mg ACAE^b/g extract)	[67]
2		C. bornmuelleri	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	MeOH	10.17 ± 0.91 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
3		C. bornmuelleri	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Decoction	1.95 ± 0.07 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
4		C. bornmuelleri	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Infusion	2.36 ± 0.25 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
5		C. bornmuelleri	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	19.90 ± 0.89 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
6		C. bornmuelleri	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	MeOH	16.73 ± 0.34 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
7		C. bornmuelleri	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Decoction	3.98 ± 0.22 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
8		C. bornmuelleri	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Infusion	3.54 ± 0.66 (mg ACAE/g extract)	[67]
9		C. calcitrapa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	MeOH	4.38 ± 0.31 (mg/ml)	[68]
10		C. centaurium	α-Amylase inhibition	Roots	MeOH	32.51 ± 0.34%	[69]
11		C. centaurium	α-Amylase inhibition	Roots	Aqueous	—	[69]
12		C. centaurium	α-Amylase inhibition	Roots	Polyphenol	—	[69]
13		C. centaurium	α-Amylase inhibition	Roots	n-Hexane	158 (μg/ml)	[69]
14		C. depressa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	46.11 ± 0.97%	[70]
15		C. depressa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	53.45 ± 1.98%	[70]
16		C. depressa	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	36.93 ± 0.97%	[70]
17		C. depressa	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	43.97 ± 0.92%	[70]
18		C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	43.10 ± 2.41%	[70]
19		C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	36.03 ± 0.24%	[70]
20		C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	25.58 ± 0.38%	[70]
21		C. drabifolia subsp. detonsa	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	25.28 ± 0.38%	[70]
22		C. fenzlii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	MeOH	0.331 (mmol ACAE/g dry weight)	[71]
23		C. fenzlii	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	MeOH	0.354 (mmol ACAE/g dry weight)	[71]
24		C. hypoleuca	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	EtOH	10.33 ± 0.04 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
25		C. hypoleuca	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	MeOH	12.77 ± 0.61 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
26		C. hypoleuca	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	Ethyl acetate	19.61 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
27		C. hypoleuca	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	EtOH	9.10 ± 0.06 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
28		C. hypoleuca	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	MeOH	8.66 ± 0.08 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
29		C. hypoleuca	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	Ethyl acetate	12.62 ± 0.21 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
30		C. hypoleuca	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	EtOH	82.65 ± 1.31 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
31		C. hypoleuca	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	MeOH	102.41 ± 1.18 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
32		C. hypoleuca	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	Ethyl acetate	106.72 ± 1.10 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
33		C. hypoleuca	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	EtOH	63.64 ± 1.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
34		C. hypoleuca	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	MeOH	66.66 ± 0.67 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
35		C. hypoleuca	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	Ethyl acetate	72.41 ± 0.61 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[72]
36		C. karduchorum	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Roots	Hydrophilic (80%EtOH, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	5.35 ± 0.08 (mg/ml)	[73]
37		C. karduchorum	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	1.42 ± 0.10 (mg/ml)	[73]
38		C. karduchorum	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Leaves	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	0.63 ± 0.00 (mg/ml)	[73]
39		C. karduchorum	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	1.51 ± 0.22 (mg/ml)	[73]
40		C. karduchorum	α-Amylase inhibition	Roots	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	Not active	[73]
41		C. karduchorum	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	Not active	[73]
42		C. karduchorum	α-Amylase inhibition	Leaves	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	14.63 ± 0.67 (mg/ml)	[73]
43		C. karduchorum	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	Hydrophilic (80% ethanol, 19% H₂O, and 1% of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, v/v/v)	Not active	[73]
44		C. kotschyi var. persica	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	42.35 ± 2.22%	[70]
45		C. kotschyi var. persica	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	49.42 ± 0.92%	[70]
46		C. kotschyi var. persica	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	36.16 ± 0.13%	[70]
47		C. kotschyi var. persica	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	42.72 ± 0.17%	[70]
48		C. papposa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Dichloromethane	227.6 ± 4.4 (μg/ml)	[8]
49		C. papposa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	791.9 ± 1.8 (μg/ml)	[8]
50		C. papposa	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	n-Butanol	Not active	[8]
51		C. patula	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	54.88 ± 1.11%	[70]
52		C. patula	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	56.11 ± 0.24%	[70]
53		C. patula	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	31.70 ± 0.04%	[70]
54		C. patula	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	33.30 ± 0.04%	[70]
55		C. pulchella	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	35.59 ± 0.58%	[70]
56		C. pulchella	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	60.31 ± 2.13%	[70]
57		C. pulchella	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	21.54 ± 0.04%	[70]
58		C. pulchella	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	59.54 ± 0.59%	[70]
59		C. saligna	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Leaves	Ethyl acetate	23.80 ± 0.06 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[74]
60		C. saligna	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Leaves	MeOH	12.57 ± 1.97 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[74]
61		C. saligna	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Leaves	Aqueous	3.32 ± 0.40 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[74]
62		C. saligna	α-Amylase inhibition	Leaves	Ethyl acetate	0.80 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[74]
63		C. saligna	α-Amylase inhibition	Leaves	MeOH	0.59 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[74]
64		C. saligna	α-Amylase inhibition	Leaves	Aqueous	0.16 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[74]
65		C. tchihacheffii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	58.23 ± 0.53%	[70]
66		C. tchihacheffii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	53.45 ± 1.40%	[70]
67		C. tchihacheffii	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	29.89 ± 1.01%	[70]
68		C. tchihacheffii	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	40.26 ± 0.29%	[70]
69		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	69.88 ± 1.16%	[70]
70		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	41.12 ± 0.77%	[70]
71		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	42.84 ± 0.34%	[70]
72		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	22.40 ± 0.17%	[70]
73		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	EtOH	3.74 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
74		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	MeOH	3.77 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
75		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Stems	Ethyl acetate	4.13 ± 0.04 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
76		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	EtOH	2.27 ± 0.01 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
77		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	MeOH	2.09 ± 0.03 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
78		C. triumfettii	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Flowers	Ethyl acetate	1.42 ± 0.05 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
79		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	EtOH	137.39 ± 0.76 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
80		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	MeOH	127.57 ± 0.72 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
81		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Stems	Ethyl acetate	165.47 ± 0.72 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
82		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	EtOH	137.42 ± 0.75 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
83		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	MeOH	114.06 ± 0.50 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
84		C. triumfettii	α-Amylase inhibition	Flowers	Ethyl acetate	116.85 ± 0.85 (mmol ACAE/g extract)	[14]
85		C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	67.66 ± 0.05%	[70]
86		C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana	α-Glucosidase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	43.65 ± 0.39%	[70]
87		C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Ethyl acetate	43.20 ± 0.59%	[70]
88		C. urvillei subsp. hayekiana	α-Amylase inhibition	Aerial parts	Chloroform	17.53 ± 0.08%	[70]

89		C. alexanderina	Reduction of blood glucose level	Leaves	MeOH		[75]
90	In vivo studies	C. aspera	It exhibited an important hypoglycemic effect by oral route and chronic administration in diabetic rats; the extract obtained by exhaustion with hot water showed an acute hypoglycemic activity in normal animals	Flowers	Aqueous	—	[76]
91		C. bruguierana	The ethyl acetate extract resulted in the best reduction of blood glucose The aqueous extract resulted in the best reduction of PEPCK activity and increment in hepatic GP activity	Aerial fruiting parts	Aqueous, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol	—	[77]
92		C. corubionensis	Consumption of aqueous extracts of leaves and flowers at the dose of 5 g/kg led to the reduction of blood glucose levels; aqueous extract of flowers (50 mg/ml) could increase insulin release from isolated islets of Langerhans	Leaves and flowers	Aqueous and EtOH	—	[78]
93		C. horrida	Reduction in blood glucose level in chronic and acute condition Using the extract significantly improved peripheral nerve function of diabetic mice via hot plate and tail flick tests	Herb and roots	MeOH	—	[79]

^aIC₅₀ values reported as mg/ml, μg/ml, mmol ACAE/g extract, or inhibition percent (%). ^bACAE = acarbose equivalent.