A Meta-Analysis of the Association between Diabetes Mellitus and Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies.

Study ID	Area	Study design	Sample size	Average age (years)	Gender ratio	Quality evaluation
Li [10]	Jiangxi	CSS	398	75.42 ± 8.65	206/192	5
Zhong and Xue [11]	Guangdong	CSS	50	62.99 ± 3.49	25/25	6
Liu et al. [12]	Henan	CSS	109	57.94 ± 8.69	58/51	4
Zhang et al. [13]	Shanghai	CSS	120	56.88 ± 2.42	65/55	4
Wu et al. [14]	Ningxia	CSS	100	41.6 ± 4.5	68/32	5
Wang et al. [15]	Shanghai	CSS	112	55.8 ± 6.2	54/58	5
Shen et al. [16]	Shanghai	CSS	395	73.81	172/223	4
Lin et al. [17]	Guangdong	CSS	500	61.2 ± 5.3	258/242	6
Li et al. [18]	Guizhou	CSS	663	59.12 ± 6.57	411/252	3
Hang et al. [19]	Guangdong	CSS	250	71.01 ± 5.82	133/117	4
Guan [20]	Jiangsu	CSS	200	U	105/95	3
Guan [21]	Sichuan	CSS	195	69.36 ± 3.41	109/86	7
Zhang et al. [22]	Zhejiang	CCS	1315	U	890/425	6
Zhou [23]	Fujian	CCS	285	56.98 ± 6.75	U	5
Wei and Yang [24]	Guangdong	CSS	300	U	U	5
Wang [25]	Neimongol	CSS	270	66.8 ± 10.5	136/134	6
Lin et al. [26]	Beijing	CSS	122	U	U	4
Li et al. [27]	Beijing	CSS	119	U	71/48	5
Lang [28]	Heilongjiang	CSS	100	75.12 ± 6.34	56/44	7
Jiang et al. [29]	Shanghai	CSS	700	60.14 ± 4.55	350/350	5
Hu et al. [30]	Tianjin	CSS	200	61.32 ± 8.24	96/104	5
Gao et al. [31]	Shandong	CSS	75	69.92	33/42	4
Chen et al. [32]	Zhejiang	CSS	700	74.1 ± 13.1	242/458	5
Zhou et al. [33]	Shanghai	CSS	442	U	187/255	7
Wang [34]	Shandong	CSS	436	58.12 ± 9.63	255/181	7
Shen et al. [35]	Beijing	CCS	461	70.68 ± 10.41	202/259	6
Shen et al. [36]	Beijing	CSS	333	57.80 ± 10.91	133/200	6
Qiu [37]	Xinjiang	CSS	141	61.89 ± 11.37	86/55	5
Lv [38]	Tianjin	CSS	1003	U	U	7
Liu et al. [39]	Jiangxi	CSS	208	52.1 ± 3.4	107/91	5
Li [40]	Beijing	CSS	60	U	31/29	4
Jing et al. [41]	Beijing	CSS	160	56.35 ± 12.82	74/86	4
Jing [42]	Guangxi	CSS	297	57.59 ± 11.12	176/121	5
Huang [43]	Guangdong	CSS	497	67.94 ± 8.64	200/297	4
Huang et al. [44]	Guangdong	CSS	367	67.57 ± 8.77	137/230	4
Huang et al. [45]	Zhejiang	CSS	630	U	236/394	4
Zhu et al. [46]	Nationwide	CSS	412	52.54 ± 13.92	U	7
Feng [47]	Jiangsu	CSS	200	61.4	103/97	7
Zou and Wang [48]	Sichuan	CSS	320	52.11 ± 11.32	167/153	4
Zhu et al. [49]	Beijing	CSS	136	U	U	4
Xue et al. [50]	Shanghai	CCS	879	U	425/454	5
Xu and Liu [51]	Shanxi	CSS	251	59.666	114/133	4
Xie et al. [52]	Henan	CSS	426	U	258/198	5
Wang et al. [53]	Guangdong	CSS	112	86.61 ± 13.39	45/67	5
Wang et al. [54]	Jiangsu	CSS	300	U	144/156	6
Wang [55]	Sichuan	CSS	57	39.04 ± 12.09	10/17	7
Ren et al. [56]	Shandong	CSS	151	63.8	83/68	6
Li [57]	Guangdong	CSS	120	51.9 ± 4.7	68/52	5
Li et al. [58]	Guangxi	CSS	302	65.60 ± 10.96	130/172	6
Huang [59]	Malaysia	CSS	68	64.16 ± 10.03	30/38	5
Hua et al. [60]	Shanghai	CSS	931	73.45 ± 7.37	353/578	4
Zou and Wang [61]	Beijing	CSS	296	49.70 ± 12.28	173/123	4
Zhao [62]	Inner Mongolia	CCS	139	U	84/55	7
Zhang [63]	Henan	CSS	90	40	71/19	5
Yu [64]	Liaoning	CSS	372	60.9 l ± 11.557	173/199	6
Yang [65]	Shandong	CSS	192	63.4 ± 8.0	80/112	7
Xiang and Qian [66]	Jiangsu	CSS	835	63.4	343/492	5
Wu and Hao [67]	Shanxi	CSS	354	U	196/158	5
Wu et al. [68]	Fujian	CSS	476	U	188/288	4
Wei et al. [69]	Shanghai	CSS	400	59.8 ± 11.6	211/189	6
Wang et al. [70]	Guangdong	CSS	320	47.2	175/145	5
Lu [71]	Shanghai	CSS	1420	69.2	574/846	3
Liu et al. [72]	Tianjin	CSS	200	U	U	4
Li [73]	Guangdong	CCS	483	42.03 ± 12.68	263/220	6
Li [74]	Fujian	CSS	250	70.12 ± 11.92	204/261	5
Hu et al. [75]	Jiangxi	CSS	500	57.1 ± 11.4	188/312	6
Chen and Zhou [76]	Zhejiang	CSS	119	57.6	65/54	6
Xiao et al. [77]	Guangdong	CSS	300	65.6 ± 12.6	160/140	5
Zhu et al. [78]	Shandong	CSS	135	55.69 ± 9.87	56/79	6
Yang and Wang [79]	Yunnan	CSS	427	U	U	6
Xiang and Ran [80]	Jiangsu	CSS	270	U	116/154	5
Xiang [81]	Jiangsu	CSS	478	63.1 ± 9.1	201/277	5
Wang et al. [82]	Beijing	CSS	213	56.55 ± 12.14	99/104	6
Li et al. [83]	Zhejiang	CSS	300	56.57 ± 7.91	152/148	5
Chen et al. [84]	Henan	CSS	300	52.12 ± 12.19	152/148	5
Zheng and Jian [85]	Guangdong	CCS	89	U	54/35	6
Wu et al.[86]	Guangdong	CSS	147	U	U	6
Tang [87]	Guangxi	CSS	200	52.78 ± 6.62	99/101	3
Ma [88]	Guangdong	CSS	48	56.9 ± 6.7	35/13	4
Liu [89]	Guangdong	CSS	98	56.6 ± 4.8	55/43	6
Li et al. [90]	Guangdong	CSS	74	62.6	39/35	5
Zhang et al. [91]	Hong Kong	CSS	239	59 ± 10.33	119/120	5
Han [92]	Beijing	CSS	206	65 ± 12	91/115	6
Han et al. [93]	Beijing	CSS	52	58.14 ± 8.2	41/11	4
Zhang [94]	Fujian	CSS	534	57.67 ± 11.17	258/276	5
Yan et al. [95]	Henan	CSS	571	51.69 ± 8.81	284/287	6
Cui [96]	Shanxi	CSS	476	U	188/288	4

CSS, cross-sectional study; CCS, case-control study; U, unclear, indicating no report.