Traditional Chinese Medicine Enhances Survival in Patients with Gastric Cancer after Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Taiwan: A Nationwide Matched Cohort Study

Table 3

Cox model with hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of short-term users and long-term TCM users versus TCM nonusers.

Variables	Short-term TCM users^1				Long-term TCM users^2
	HR	95% CI		p value	HR	95% CI		p value
Main model^3	0.59	0.55	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Additional covariates^4
Main model + diabetes mellitus	0.59	0.54	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Main model + hypertension	0.59	0.54	0.64	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Main model + alcoholism	0.59	0.55	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Main model + smoking-related disorder	0.59	0.55	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Main model + chronic renal failure	0.59	0.55	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Main model + liver cirrhosis	0.59	0.55	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Main model + chemotherapy regimen	0.59	0.54	0.65	<0.0001	0.41	0.36	0.47	<0.0001
Subgroup effects
Sex
Male	0.62	0.55	0.69	<0.0001	0.45	0.38	0.54	<0.0001
Female	0.56	0.49	0.64	<0.0001	0.36	0.29	0.45	<0.0001
Age at surgery, years
18–64	0.60	0.54	0.67	<0.0001	0.38	0.31	0.45	<0.0001
≥65	0.58	0.51	0.66	<0.0001	0.46	0.38	0.57	<0.0001

¹Short-term TCM users: TCM use 30–179 days. ²Long-term TCM users: TCM use≥180 days. ³Main model is adjusted for sex, age, urbanization level, and income level. ⁴Models were adjusted for covariates in the main model as well as for each additional listed covariate.