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| No. | Latin name | Chinese name | Tibetan name | Family | Medication part | Modern study on the treatment of DN |
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| 1 | Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep. | Bai Doukou | སུག་སྨེལ་དཀར་པོ། | Zingiberaceae | Fruit | White cardamom volatile oil upregulates the expression of MMP-2, TGF-β1, and IGF-2, thereby improving the pathological changes of DN caused by streptozotocin (STZ) and protecting the kidneys of diabetic rats [10]. |
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| 2 | Terminalia chebula Retz. | He Zi | རུ་ར | Junzi | Fruit | Chebulinic acid can affect the phosphorylation of VEGF-2 so that VEGF cannot normally play the role of promoting angiogenesis after binding to the receptor, thereby inhibiting the progression of DN. In addition, chebula extract can reduce the blood sugar of diabetic rats caused by STZ and improve the pathological tissue morphology of the kidney in diabetic rats [11]. |
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| 3 | Malva verticillata L. | Dong Kui | མ་ནིང་ལྕམ་པ།་ | Malvaceae | Fruit | Malva seed is a commonly used drug for the treatment of DN water stasis interaction syndrome [12]. |
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| 4 | Rubia cordifolia L. | Qiancao | བཙོད། | Rubiaceae | Root | R. cordifolia aqueous root extract exhibited significant antihyperglycemic activities in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats [13]. Madder mixture can reduce the proteinuria of early DN and is effective in the treatment of early DN [14]. |
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| 5 | Tribulus terrestris L. | Ji Li | གཟེ་མ། | Tribulaceae | Fruit | T. terrestris has antidiabetic and renal protective capability in alloxan-induced diabetic mice [15]. T. terrestris hydroalcoholic extract can reduce the total protein and albumin content of urine in diabetic rats induced by STZ, thereby improving diabetic kidney damage, and has the effect of treating DN [16]. |
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| 6 | Piper longum L. | Bi Ba | པི་པི་ལིང་། | Piperaceae | Ear of fruit | Oral administration of P. longum dried fruits has shown significant antihyperglycemic, antilipid peroxidative, and antioxidant effects in diabetic rats [17]. The water extract of P. longum root has antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in the STZ-induced diabetes model in rats and also has a protective effect on diabetes-induced kidney damage [18]. |
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| 7 | Punica granatum L. | Shiliu | སེ་འབྲུ། | Punicaceae | Fruit | Pomegranate peel tannin can lower the blood sugar of diabetic rats, reduce the oxidation of free radicals on the structure of kidney tissue, and have a beneficial effect on the kidneys of diabetic rats [19]. Pomegranate peel tannin can alleviate the oxidative stress in the renal cortex of diabetic rats, protect the kidneys. and delay the occurrence of DN [20]. Methanolic extract of P. granatum leaves has potential antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antiglycosylation activities, helping slow down the progression of DN [21]. |
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| 8 | Berberis kansuensis Schneid | Xiao Bopi | སྐྱེར་པ། | Berberidaceae | Endothelium | Berberine can improve the damage of vascular endothelial cells, downregulate the expression of VEGF, reduce vascular permeability, protect the function of microvascular endothelial cells, and improve the development of DN [22]. Berberis can upregulate the ornithine content in the serum of DN rats and participate in the metabolism of arginine and proline, thus improving the pathological changes and pharmacodynamic indicators of DN [23]. |
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| 9 | Mangifera indica L. | Mang Guohe | ཨ་འབྲས། | Anacardiaceae | Pit | Mangiferin can remarkably ameliorate DN in rats by increasing the activity of glyoxalase 1 [24]. Mangiferin delayed the progression of DN and protected the podocytes by enhancing autophagy under diabetic conditions via the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 pathway [25]. Mangiferin can reduce the degree of oxidative stress in the kidney and downregulate the expression of CTGF protein in the kidney, delaying kidney damage in diabetic rats [26]. |
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| 10 | Cinnamomum cassia Presl | Rou Gui | ཤིང་ཚ། | Lauraceae | Bark | Cinnamon and cinnamon-containing compounds can improve type 2 diabetes and its complications [27]. Cinnamon volatile oil can target to activate E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), improve metabolic disorders caused by DN, and protect kidney function [28]. The cinnamon extract can reduce diabetic kidney damage by controlling blood sugar, reducing oxidative stress and improving endothelial cell function [29]. |
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| 11 | Polygonatum sibiricum Red. | Huang Jing | ར་མཉེ། | Liliaceae | Rhizome | Polygonatum polysaccharide may inhibit the expression of ET-1 and TGF-Pi in diabetic rat models, reduce ECM, delay the occurrence of renal fibrosis, and protect the kidneys of diabetic rats [30]. Polygonatum saponins can inhibit the process of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by blocking the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and ultimately play a role in protecting the kidneys of DN rats, which can be used for the prevention and treatment of DN [31, 32]. |
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| 12 | Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb | Ding Xiang | ལི་ཤི། | Myrtaceae | Bud | The triterpenoids oleanolic acid (OA) and maslinic acid (MA) in syzygium aromaticum can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin [33]. OA can enhance the renal function of diabetic rats induced by STZ [34]. |
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| 13 | Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. | Dang Gui | ཏང་ཀུན་ག་པོ། | Umbelliferae | Root | In the treatment of DN, Angelica can reduce urine protein, regulate the expression level of related cytokines, reduce kidney damage, and improve renal function [35]. Angelica polysaccharides can inhibit the excessive proliferation of glomerular mesangium, reduce inflammation, and have a good effect on preventing and treating DN [36]. Angelica polysaccharides can inhibit the differentiation of renal tubular epithelial cells, regulate the production and degradation of extracellular matrix components, and delay the development of diabetic renal fibrosis by reducing the activity of the TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway [37]. Chinese herbal compound containing angelica has certain curative effects in improving renal function and inhibiting the development of DN [38]. |
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| 14 | Cassia obtusifolia L. | Jueming | ཐལ་ཀ་རྔོ་རྗེ། | Leguminosae | Seed | Cassia can significantly inhibit the activation of NF-KB and the expression of fibronectin in rats, reduce glomerular hypertrophy, mesangial cell proliferation and extracellular matrix accumulation, and have a significant preventive and therapeutic effect on DN [39]. Cassia anthraquinone glycosides can inhibit the expression of renin and AngII, reduce the content of KIM-1 and β2-MG in urine, and have a protective effect on kidney injury in diabetic rats [40]. |
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| 15 | Cassia tora L. | Xiao Jueming | ཐལ་ཀ་རྔོ་རྗེ། | Leguminosae | Seed | Same as above |
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| 16 | Lycium chinense Miller | Gouqi | རདྲེ་ཆོར་མ། | Solanaceae | Fruit | Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) can reduce the production of glycosylation end products in model rats and reduce the secretion of renal IL-8, thus preventing the occurrence of DN [41]. LBP can reduce the expression of MCP1mRNA and ICAM-1mRNA by inhibiting the expression of NF-κB and AngII; it has a significant protective effect on the renal function of DN rabbits and delays the appearance and development of DN [42]. LBP can inhibit the damage of renal tubular epithelial cells in a high glucose environment, inhibit its inflammatory response, and improve the renal function damage of DN rats [43]. LBP can improve the blood sugar level, renal function, and pathological changes of kidney tissue in rats with diabetic kidney injury and has a protective effect on kidney tissue [44]. |
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| 17 | Lycium barbarum L. | Ningxia Gouqi | འཕང་མ། | Solanaceae | Fruit | Lycium barbarum seed oil can significantly improve kidney function, control the kidney hypertrophy of diabetic mice, and can be used for the treatment of diabetic kidney injury [45]. |
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| 18 | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge. | Huang Qi | བྱི་སྲན་གང་བུ་ཅན་ཀ་། | Leguminosae | Root | Astragaloside may increase the autophagy activity of renal tissue cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 signal and slow down the development of type 2 DN [46]. Astragaloside significantly inhibits renal endoplasmic reticulum stress, relieves CHOP-mediated excessive apoptosis of renal tissue cells, significantly reduces proteinuria in DN rats, and improves renal tissue pathological damage in rats [47]. Astragalus can prevent the progression of DN [48]. |
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| 19 | Trigonella tibetana (Alef.) Vassiclz. | Hu Luba | ཤུ་མོ་ཟ། | Leguminosae | Seed | Trigonella tibetana can significantly reduce the levels of El, rVIIB2, and blood sugar in diabetic rats; effectively improve DN renal hemodynamics; enhance antioxidant capacity, thereby reducing blood sugar and urine microalbumin; and protect kidney function [49]. T. tibetana combined with valsartan in the treatment of patients with DN can significantly reduce their albumin level, which is more effective than valsartan alone, suggesting that T. tibetana can be an option for the treatment of DN [50]. |
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| 20 | Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Pennell. | Hu Huanglian | ཧོང་ལེན། | Scrophulariaceae | Rhizome | The total glycosides of rhizoma picrorhizae can significantly improve the hypertrophy of mesangial cells induced by high glucose, reduce the content of intracellular ROS, and increase the level of MMP and reduce Ca2+, so as to protect the oxidative stress damage of mesangial cells induced by high glucose [51]. The water extract of rhizoma picrorhizae has a certain curative effect on DN in rats [52, 53]. |
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| 21 | Rosa laevigata Michx. | Jin Yingzi | རོང་སལ། | Rosaceae | Fruit | R. laevigata extract can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, renal dysfunction, and renal pathological changes in DN rats; delay or prevent the development of DN; and protect the renal function of diabetic rats [54, 55]. |
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| 22 | Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. | Shiwei | བྲག་སྤོས་འབྲིང་བ། | Polypodiaceae | Whole grass | P. lingua flavonoids can reduce the level of inflammatory factors in the kidney tissue of diabetic rats and effectively improve the kidney injury and inflammatory response of DN [56]. |
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| 23 | Caesalpinia sappan L. | Su Mu | མཛོ་མོ་ནིང་། | Leguminosae | Heartwood | Hematoxylon decoction can significantly reduce blood sugar, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels in DN rats, reduce kidney damage, and significantly improve kidney function [57]. Hematoxylon can significantly reduce blood CRPI and IL-6 levels in DN rats, reduce urinary protein excretion, improve renal tissue morphology, and may protect the kidneys of early DN rats by inhibiting inflammation [58]. |
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| 24 | Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. | Yi Zhi | སུག་སྨེལ་ནག་པོ། | Zingiberaceae | Fruit | A. oxyphylla can improve the pathological state of the kidneys and regulate metabolomics and the function of intestinal microbes, so as to achieve the purpose of treating DN [59]. A. oxyphylla decoction can effectively lower blood sugar and reduce the excretion of urinary microalbumin, showing good renal protection, and it has a significant effect in the early treatment of DN. It can be used in the clinical treatment of DN [60, 61]. |
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| 25 | Plantago depressa Willd. | Che Qiancao | ཐ་རམ། | Plantaginaceae | Whole grass | Plantain water extract can significantly reduce the degree of kidney damage in DN rats, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway and activation of the PPAR-γ pathway [62]. Plantain water extract can significantly reduce kidney damage in DN rats and reduce renal fibrosis [63]. |
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| 26 | Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv. | Huo Rongcao | སྤྲ་ཐོག་པ། | Compositae | Whole grass | Edelweiss quercetin has a significant inhibitory effect on the lipid peroxidation in the kidney tissue of diabetic rats, significantly reduces urinary albumin excretion, improves the glomerular basement membrane and matrix membrane hyperplasia, and can be used as a potential therapeutic drug for DN [64]. |
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| 27 | Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. | Dongchong Xiacao | དབྱར་རྩ་དགུན་འབུ། | Ergotaceae | The complex of the subset and the larval carcass | Cordyceps can reduce urine protein and improve renal function in patients with DN [65]. Cordyceps can effectively alleviate renal tubular damage and renal tubular epithelial cell shedding and death, regulate the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway related to autophagy in renal tubular epithelial cells, and have a protective effect on the kidneys of DN rats [66]. |
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| 28 | Glycine max (L.) Merr. | Da Dou | | Leguminosae | Seed | Soy isoflavones can protect the kidneys of diabetic rats by improving lipid metabolism disorders [67]. Soy isoflavones have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which can effectively protect the oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidneys of DN rats [68]. |
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| 29 | Foeniculum vulgare (L.) Miller | Hui Xiang | ཟི་ར་དཀར་པོ། | Umbelliflorae | Seed | F. vulgare water extract can significantly improve the activity of kidney tissue antioxidant enzymes and the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals, and reduce the oxidative stress damage of oxygen free radicals to the kidney tissue of diabetic rats, thereby protecting DN [69]. |
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| 30 | Brassica juncea (L.) | Jie Zi | ཡུངས་ནག | Cruciferae | Seed | B. juncea significantly prevented the rise in creatinine levels; it will delay the development of DN [70]. |
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| 31 | Sesamum indicum L. | Hei Zhima | ཏིལ། | Pedaliaceae | Seed | Sesame can improve kidney damage in diabetic rats and increase protein levels [71]. |
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| 32 | Dolichos lablab L. | Bian Dou | མོན་སྲན་ལེབ་མོ་དཀར་པོ། | Leguminosae | Seed | Dolichos lablab is a commonly used drug for the treatment of DN water stasis interaction syndrome [12]. |
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| 33 | Phaseolus radiatus L. | Cai Dou | | Leguminosae | Seed | P. radiatus significantly decreased glucose and increased insulin levels, ameliorating the loss of renal function observed in STZ-induced diabetic rats [72]. |
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| 34 | Rubia membranacea (Franch.) Diels. | Jin Xiancao | བཙོད། | Rubiaceae | Root | Rubia membranacea flavonoids have a certain therapeutic effect on DN [73]. |
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