Pinus thunbergii Parl. Extracts Reduce Acute Inflammation by Targeting Oxidative Stress

Figure 4

Effect of PTP on COX-2 (a) and PGE₂ (b) expression. To measure COX-2 production, cells were pretreated with PTP (25, 50, and 100 μg/mL) or DEX (5 μg/mL), then treated with LPS (0.1 μg/mL). COX-2 relative density was analyzed using densitometry. The PGE₂ concentration values are reported as % activity relative to the negative control group. All values are reported as the mean ± SD. indicates a significant difference from the negative control group (). indicates a significant difference from the positive control group (, , ). PTP: Pinus thunbergii Parl.; DEX: dexamethasone.

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