Symptoms Based on Deficiency Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine Might Be Predictor of Frailty in Elderly Community Dwellers

Table 3

Past medical history and cognition function of the study subjects.

Variables	Frailty stage			value
	Nonfrailty group	Prefrailty group	Frailty group
	(n = 1455)	(n = 739)	(n = 55)
Chronic disease history
The cumulative chronic diseases	1 [0–2]	1 [1–2]	2 [1–3]	＜0.001
Hypertension	777 [53.4%]	429 [58.1%]	35 [63.6%]	0.052
Cerebral infarction	149 [10.2%]	128 [17.3%]	25 [45.5%]	＜0.001
CHD	195 [13.4%]	146 [19.8%]	17 [30.9%]	＜0.001
Diabetes	237 [16.3%]	167 [22.6%]	16 [29.1%]	＜0.001
Osteoporosis	89 [6.1%]	74 [10.0%]	10 [18.2%]	＜0.001
Hyperlipemia	171 [11.8%]	99 [13.4%]	6 [10.9%]	0.515
COPD	17 [1.2%]	22 [3.0%]	4 [7.3%]	0.001
Chronic liver disease	16 [1.1%]	8 [1.1%]	3 [5.5%]	0.050
Advanced tumor	40 [2.7%]	16 [2.2%]	3 [5.5%]	0.357
Gout	38 [2.6%]	31 [4.2%]	1 [1.8%]	0.121
Pneumonia	9 [0.6%]	6 [0.8%]	1 [1.8%]	0.290
Cerebral hemorrhage	6 [0.4%]	6 [0.8%]	0 [0.0%]	0.432
Parkinson's disease	6 [0.4%]	7 [0.9%]	0 [0.0%]	0.323
Chronic nephrosis	22 [1.5%]	8 [1.1%]	1 [1.8%]	0.494
Cumulative medication type	0 [0–1]	1 [0–2]	1 [0–2]	＜0.001
Cognition function
Total score of CDT	4 [3–4]	4 [2–4]	2 [1–4]	＜0.001
Total score of MMSE	29 [26–30]	29 [25–32]	26 [17–32]	0.007

Data shown are median (interquartile range) or proportions (percentage). CHD: chronic heart disease; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CDT: clock drawing test; MMSE: Mini–Mental State Examination.