Symptoms Based on Deficiency Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine Might Be Predictor of Frailty in Elderly Community Dwellers

Table 5

Risk factors associated with frailty progression.

Variables entered	β	Se	Wald χ^2 value	OR (95% CI)	P value
Age	0.05	0.01	72.9	1.05 [1.04–1.06]	＜0.001
Educational level
University diploma or above	−0.51	0.13	16.43	0.60 [0.47–0.77]	＜0.001
High school/technical school	−0.30	0.11	7.76	0.74 [0.60–0.91]	0.005
Junior high school	−0.30	0.10	9.44	0.74 [0.61–0.90]	0.002
Primary school	−0.25	0.09	7.30	0.78 [0.65–0.93]	0.007
Illiterate or semi-illiterate	0^a			1
Dietary habit
Prefer to meat	−0.75	0.38	3.88	0.47 [0.23–1.00]	0.049
Prefer to vegetables	−0.97	0.36	7.22	0.38 [0.19–0.77]	0.007
Balanced diet	−0.94	0.36	6.79	0.39 [0.19–0.79]	0.009
Vegan	0^a			1
Osteoporosis
No	−0.22	0.10	4.40	0.80 [0.65–0.99]	0.036
Yes	0^a			1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
No	−0.45	0.20	5.02	0.64 [0.43–0.95]	0.025
Yes	0^a			1
Cerebral infarction
No	−0.28	0.09	9.57	0.76 [0.63–0.90]	0.002
Yes	0^a			1
Diabetes
No	−0.16	0.08	4.10	0.85 [0.73–0.99]	0.043
Yes	0^a			1
Cold limbs
No	−0.15	0.07	5.14	0.86 [0.76–0.98]	0.023
Yes	0^a			1
Lethargy and laziness in speaking and moving
No	−0.16	0.08	4.27	0.85 [0.73–0.99]	0.039
Yes	0^a			1
Weakness of lower limbs
No	−0.26	0.08	11.36	0.77 [0.66–0.90]	0.001
Yes	0^a			1
Dry throat and mouth
No	−0.14	0.06	4.65	0.87 [0.77–0.99]	0.031
Yes	0^a			1
Slow movement
No	−0.47	0.10	24.21	0.63 [0.52–0.75]	＜0.001
Yes	0^a			1
Glazed expression
No	−0.56	0.23	5.89	0.57 [0.36–0.90]	0.015
Yes	0^a			1

^aRreference category when the independent variable is a categorical variable.