The Effect of Rhythmic Breathing on the Severity of Sternotomy Pain after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Table 2

The comparisons of mean scores of the pain severity in the RB and control groups.

Day	Hours	Measurement times	Groups	Mean ± SD	Min	Max	value
Fist day	9 a.m.	Before intervention	RB	2.37 ± 0.99	1	5	t(52.6) = 0.213,  = 0.832
			Control	2.30 ± 1.39	1	6
		After intervention	RB	1.07 ± 0.64	0	3	t(58) = −2.90,  = 0.005
			Control	1.50 ± 0.5	1	2
	9 p.m.	Before intervention	RB	2.10 ± 0.84	1	4	t(58) = 0.91,  = 0.363
			Control	1.90 ± 0.84	1	4
		After intervention	RB	0.87 ± 0.50	0	2	t(57.2) = -4.78,  < 0.001
			Control	1.53 ± 0.57	1	3
Second day	9 a.m.	Before intervention	RB	1.90 ± 0.54	1	3	t(40) = −040,  = 0.687
			Control	2 ± 1.23	1	5
		After intervention	RB	0.83 ± 0.46	0	2	t(53.3) = −5.17,  < 0.001
			Control	1.57 ± 0.62	1	3
	9 p.m.	Before intervention	RB	1.97 ± 0.49	1	3	t(54.3) = 1.58,  = 0.119
			Control	1.73 ± 0.64	1	3
		After intervention	RB	0.97 ± 0.49	0	2	t(55.5) = −4.91,  < 0.001
			Control	1.67 ± 0.60	1	3
Third day	9 a.m.	Before intervention	RB	1.73 ± 0.58	1	3	t(58) = 1.78,  = 0.079
			Control	1.47 ± 0.57	1	3
		After intervention	RB	0.70 ± 0.53	0	2	t(58) = −5.46,  < 0.001
			Control	1.43 ± 0.50	1	2
	9 p.m.	Before intervention	RB	1.77 ± 0.62	1	3	t(58) = 2.27,  = 0.027
			Control	1.43 ± 0.50	1	2
		After intervention	RB	0.70 ± 0.53	0	2	t(58) = −5.46,  < 0.001
			Control	1.43 ± 0.50	1	2

RB : rhythmic breathing; SD: standard deviation; Min : minimum; Max : maximum; independent t-test.