The Effects of Saposhnikovia divaricata Aqueous Extracts on the Inflammation and Intestinal Microflora in Allergic Rhinitis Mice

Figure 2

The effects of SD treatment on the levels of inflammation-related cytokines, allergy-related cytokines, and inflammatory cells in the serum and nasal lavage fluid of AR mice. ((a)–(n)) The levels of IgE, HIS, LTB4, IL-4, IL-2, IL-5, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in the serum and the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-4, and TGF-β1 in the nasal lavage fluids were measured by ELISA ((n) = 6). ((o)–(q)) The eosinophile granulocytes, leukocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils were stained by Wright’s-Giemsa assay and counted ((n) = 8). All error bars represent mean ± standard deviation. , compared to the control group; , compared to the AR group. SD: Saposhnikovia divaricata, AR: allergic rhinitis, IgE : immunoglobulin E, HIS: histamine, LTB4: leukotriene B4; IL: interleukins, IFN: interferon, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, TGF: transforming growth factor, and ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.