Systemic Administration of Neutral Electrolyzed Saline as a Novel Treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis Reduces Mechanical and Inflammatory Damage to the Joints: Preclinical Evaluation in Mice

Figure 2

Histology images of the knee joints from the four groups, stained with hematoxylin and eosin. One joint per group, randomly selected, is shown at 10X. All of the photographs were acquired with the same microscope and under the same lighting and exposure conditions. The red arrows indicate articular cartilage, observed intact in the healthy group. In contrast, the placebo group has an irregular thickening and significant bone erosion, and there is evidence of joint fusion (black arrow) with pannus formation. In group NES20, the thickness of the articular surface is conserved (red arrow) with isolated foci of erosion (black arrow). The representative joint from group NES40 shows remarkably conserved thickness without erosion data.