[Retracted] Establishment of Difficult Caudal Epidural Blockade Prediction Model
Table 1
Basic characteristics of the development and validation cohort.
Characteristics
Development cohort N = 202
Validation cohort N = 87
N = 289
DCEB (N = 30)
No DCEB (N = 172)
Value
DCEB (N = 13)
No DCEB (N = 7)
Value
Male
22 (73.33%)
127 (73.84%)
0.954
11 (84.62%)
49 (66.22%)
0.186
Age
45.10 ± 14.08
41.82 ± 14.73
0.249
41.69 ± 11.93
4.22 ± 13.85
0.898
BMI
23.67 ± 3.72
23.43 ± 3.41
0.747
24.85 ± 3.76
22.43 ± 3.15
0.045
A history of difficult CEB
3 (10.00%)
1 (0.58%)
0.011
2 (15.38%)
0 (0.00%)
0.001
Distance between puncture site and coccygeal apex (cm)
6.5 (6.0–7.125)
6.5 (6.0–7.0)
0.855
7.5 (7–8)
7 (6.875–7.5)
0.253
Number of “sacral hiatus” by palpation
0.006
0.001
1
17 (56.67%)
141 (81.98%)
6 (46.15%)
57 (77.03%)
2
10 (33.33%)
26 (15.12%)
3 (23.08%)
15 (20.27%)
≥3
3 (10.00%)
5 (2.90%)
4 (30.77%)
2 (2.70%)
Unclear palpation of sacral hiatus
20 (66.67%)
20 (11.63%)
<0.001
6 (46.12%)
5 (6.76%)
<0.001
Unclear palpation of sacral cornua
22 (73.33%)
41 (23.84%)
<0.001
9 (69.23%)
16 (21.62%)
<0.001
Patient and surgeon satisfaction
<0.001
<0.001
Very satisfied
15 (50.00%)
153 (88.95%)
5 (38.46%)
71 (95.95%)
Satisfied
6 (20.00%)
17 (9.88%)
5 (38.46%)
2 (2.70%)
Dissatisfied
9 (30.00%)
2 (1.16%)
3 (23.08%)
1 (1.35%)
Success on 1st needle pass
0 (0.00%)
91 (45.05%)
0 (0.00%)
40 (47.06%)
—
BMI: Body Mass Index; CEB: Caudal Epidural Blockade/Block. The values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile range, IQR), or n (%). Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as “Mean ± SD” while abnormally distributed ones are presented as “Median, IQR”. Categorical variables are presented as “n (%),” Each value < 0.05 was considered to be significant. The value was obtained by Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.
