[Retracted] Establishment of Difficult Caudal Epidural Blockade Prediction Model

Table 3

Performance of CEB between the ultrasound and landmark group in predictive DCEB patients (DCEB score ≥3).

	Ultrasound group (N = 32)	Landmark group (N = 36)	Value
DCEB score	3.5 (3.5–5.0)	3.5 (3.5–5.0)	0.736
Difficult CEB	3 (9.38%)	20 (55.56%)	<0.001
Success on 1st needle pass	15 (46.88%)	3 (8.33%)	<0.001
Time take to establish puncture site	7 (6–8)	3 (2.25–4.0)	<0.001
Time take to perform CEB	1 (1–2.75)	6 (2–7.75)	<0.001
Total procedure time	9 (7–10.75)	9 (5–11)	0.308
Total number of needle passes	2 (1–4)	9 (3–15)	<0.001
Total number of attempts	1 (1–2)	3 (1.25–5.0)	<0.001
Rescue analgesia drug	5 (15.63%)	10 (27.78%)	0.228
Patient’s satisfaction			<0.001
Satisfied	28 (87.5%)	17 (47.22%)
Qualified	2 (6.25%)	15 (41.67%)
Dissatisfied	2 (6.25%)	4 (11.11%)

The values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile range, IQR), or n (%). Normally distributed continuous variables are presented as “Mean ± SD” while abnormal distributed ones are presented as “Median, IQR.” Categorical variables are presented as “n (%).” Each value < 0.05 was considered significant. The value was obtained by Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables.