Shenhuang Plaster Application Improves Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice with Postoperative Ileus through Intestinal Microbiota

Figure 3

Measurement of inflammatory responses in intestinal tissue via immunohistochemistry. (a) The expression and distribution of COX-2 protein in the colon and ileum in each group. (b) The expression and distribution of iNOS protein in the colon and ileum in each group. (c) Relative expression of some inflammatory cytokines in the ileum and colon of mice in different groups. Data are presented as fold changes compared with that of the Ctrl group. Differences between the POI and Ctrl groups are indicated by asterisks (, , ), and differences between the POI + SHP and POI groups are indicated by triangles (^Δ, ^ΔΔ, ^ΔΔΔ). Ctrl, control group; POI, postoperative ileus group; POI + SHP, Shenhuang Plaster-treated POI group; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; COX, cyclooxygenase; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase.

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