Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Research Article

Development and Optimization of Nanoemulsion from Ethanolic Extract of Centella asiatica (NanoSECA) Using D-Optimal Mixture Design to Improve Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability

Table 9

Permeability of commercial drugs in the PAMPA-BBB assay (used in experiment validation), NanoSECA, and their predictive CNS penetration.


Compound/Extract	PAMPA-BBB (Pe; 10⁻⁶ cm s⁻¹)		Prediction⁴
Compound/Extract	Reported permeability²	Experimental permeability³	Prediction⁴

Enoxacin	0.9	0.2 ± 0.1	CNS−
Verapamil	16.0	16.0 ± 5.0	CNS+
SECA-K018	—	4.5 ± 0.8	CNS+
NanoSECA	—	15.19 ± 0.3	CNS+
Madecassoside	—	0.26 ± 0.7	CNS−
Asiaticoside	—	0.26 ± 1.0	CNS−
Madecassic acid	—	0.27 ± 0.3	CNS−
Asiatic acid	—	0.3 ± 0.3	CNS−

¹PBS: DMSO (95 : 5) was used as a solvent. ²Reference (Chlebek et al., 2019). ³Data are the mean ± SEM of independent experiment. ⁴CNS+/−, BBB permeation uncertain; Pe, 10–6 cm s⁻¹ from 4.0 to 2.0; CNS+, high BBB permeation predicted; Pe, 10–6 cm s⁻¹ > 4.0; CNS−, low BBB permeation predicted; Pe, 10–6 cm s⁻¹ < 2.0 (Di et al., 2003).