|
| Extract/parts of the plant | Assay | Antimicrobial activity | Citation |
|
| Methanolic extract of the aerial parts | Disk diffusion test | Candida albicans (7 mm) | [105] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (27 mm)
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (22 mm)
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (15 mm)
Trichophyton rubrum (24 mm) | [106] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Dilution method | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC 8.82 mg/ml)
Streptococcus pyogenes P183 (MIC 4.41 mg/ml)
Streptococcus pyogenes P31 P183 (MIC 4.41 mg/ml) | [106] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Bacillus subtilis (MIC 16.67 μl/ml)
Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 1.56 μl/ml)
Escherichia coli (MIC 6.25 μl/ml)
Proteus vulgaris (MIC 50 μl/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 25 μl/ml) | [107] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test and dilution method | Erwinia herbicola MTCC 3609 (MIC 2 μl/ml)
Pseudomonas putida MTCC 1190 (MIC 8 μl/ml) | [108] |
| Essential oil from the aerial parts | Microdilution method | Staphylococcus aureus CMCC 26001 (MIC 50 μg/ml)
Bacillus subtilis CMCC 63501 (MIC 25 μg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMCC 10104 (MIC 50 μg/ml)
Escherichia coli CMCC 44102 (MIC 25 μg/ml)
Fusarium graminearum (MIC 50 μg/ml)
Botrytis cinerea (MIC 25 μg/ml)
Exerohilum turcicum (MIC 50 μg/ml)
Lecanosticta acicola (MIC 50 μg/ml) | [104] |
| Ethanolic extract of the aerial parts | Disk diffusion test | Aeromonas caviae (0.1 mm)
Aeromonas hydrophila (0.1 mm)
Ralstonia spp. (0.17 mm)
Shigella spp. (0.23 mm) | [109] |
| Aerial parts essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Trichophyton mentagrophyte (15.7 mm)
Trichophyton rubrum (14.7 mm)
Microsporum gypeum (13.3 mm)
Candida albicans (13.7 mm) | [110] |
| Blossoms essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC 350 μl/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (MIC 400 μl/ml)
Salmonella typhi CDC57 (MIC 450 μl/ml) | [111] |
| Flower essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC 350 μl/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (MIC 400 μl/ml)
Salmonella typhi CDC57 (MIC 450 μl/ml) | [111] |
| Leaf hydroethanolic extract (70%) | Agar diffusion method | Staphylococcus aureus Meti-R (MIC 3.12 mg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cefta/Imp-R (MIC 12.5 mg/ml)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC 3.12 mg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC 3.12 mg/ml) | [103] |
| Leaves essential oil | Agar diffusion method | Staphylococcus aureus Meti-R (MIC 5.37 mg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cefta/Imp-R (MIC 10.75 mg/ml)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC 5.37 mg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC 10.75 mg/ml) | [103] |
| Seed fixed oil | Dilution method | Escherichia coli MTCC 443 (MIC 0.5 mg/ml)
Salmonella typhi MTCC 531 (MIC 0.125 mg/ml)
Shigella flexneri MTCC 1457 (MIC 0.5 mg/ml)
Vibrio vulnificus MTCC 1145 (MIC 0.5 mg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 424 (MIC 0.125 mg/ml)
Lactobacillus plantarum MTCC 2621 (MIC 0.125 mg/ml)
Lactobacillus leishmanii MTCC 911 (MIC 0.25 mg/ml)
Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 737 (MIC 0.25 mg/ml)
Candida tropicalis MTCC 227 (MIC 0.125 mg/ml)
Candida albicans MTCC 227 (MTCC 0.25 mg/ml) | [112] |
| Essential oil from leaves | Disc diffusion method | Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC 350 μl/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 23357 (MIC 300 μl/ml)
Salmonella typhi CDC57 (MIC 400 μl/ml) | [111] |
| Hexanic extract from the seeds | Microdilution method | Staphylococcus aureus Meti-R (MIC 0.375 mg/ml)
Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 (MIC 0.1875 mg/ml)
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC 0.1875 mg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 (MIC 0.375 mg/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 0.375 mg/ml)
Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC 0.375 mg/ml) | [113] |
| Aqueous extract from the leaves | Microdilution method | Candida albicans 77 (IC50 266.4 μg/ml)
Candida albicans 40006 (IC50 300.4 μg/ml)
Candida tropicalis 23 (IC50 359.9 μg/ml)
Candida tropicalis 40042 (IC50 640.3 μg/ml) | [6] |
| Aqueous extract from aerial parts | Microdilution method | Candida albicans 77 (IC50 18.5 μg/ml)
Candida albicans 40006 (IC50 526.4 μg/ml)
Candida tropicalis 23 (IC50 25 μg/ml)
Candida tropicalis 40042 (IC50 58.62 μg/ml) | [6] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus UCH 511 (14 mm)
Bacillus cereus (10 mm)
Escherichia coli NCTC 7001 (12 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa UCH 655 (14 mm)
Candida albicans (16 mm) | [114] |
| Leaf ethanolic extract | Disk diffusion test | Sclerotium rolfsii (MIC 2000 mg/ml) | [115] |
| Leaf hydroethanolic extract (70%) | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus Meti-R (24 mm)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (24 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ceft/Imp-R (16 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (20 mm) | [116] |
| Leaf essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus Meti-R (13 mm)
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (16 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ceft/Imp-R (0 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (0 mm) | [116] |
| Leaf essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 30 μg/ml)
Bacillus subtilis (MIC 26 μg/ml)
Proteus vulgaris (MIC 15 μg/ml)
Candida albicans (MIC 10 μg/ml)
Aspergillus niger (MIC 40 μg/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 28 μg/ml)
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MIC > 100 μg/ml)
Escherichia coli (MIC 26 μg/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 37 μg/ml)
Yersinia enterocolitica (MIC > 100 μg/ml) | [117] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Aspergillus flavus (MIC 93.8 μl/ml) | [118] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Escherichia coli (7 mm)
Bacillus subtilis (8 mm)
Vibrio cholerae (9 mm)
Shigella dysenteriae (9 mm)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (10 mm)
Salmonella typhi (9 mm)
Streptococcus faecalis (9 mm)
Bacillus pumilus (9 mm)
Streptococcus pyogenes (8 mm)
Micrococcus (8 mm)
Pseudomonas solanacearum (10 mm) | [119] |
| Crushed leaves | Disk diffusion test | Aspergillus flavus (56% inhibition at 5% concentration) | [120] |
| Methanolic extract from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Bacillus cereus (9 mm)
Bacillus subtilis (3 mm)Bacillus megaterium (1 mm)Staphylococcus aureus (6 mm)
Enterococcus faecalis (7 mm)Escherichia coli (12 mm)
Salmonella typhi (6 mm)Salmonella paratyphi (5 mm)Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3 mm)Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 mm) | [121] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Microdilution method | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (IC50 1000 μg/ml)
Fusarium moniliforme 7075 (IC50 > 1500 μg/ml)
Mucor sp. (IC50 750 μg/ml) | [122] |
| Whole plant aqueous extract | Disk diffusion test | Candida albicans (0 mm)
Colletotrichum capsici (10 mm)
Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. lycopersici (5 mm)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (14 mm)
Escherichia coli (12 mm)
Staphylococcus aureus (0 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0 mm) | [123] |
| Whole plant ethanolic extract | Disk diffusion test | Candida albicans (19 mm)
Colletotrichum capsici (20 mm)
Fusarium oxysporum F.sp. lycopersici (18 mm)
Klebsiella pneumoniae (22 mm)
Escherichia coli (18 mm)
Staphylococcus aureus (29 mm)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12 mm) | [123] |
| Ethanolic (1), chloroform (2), methanolic (3), petroleum ether (4), and aqueous (5) extracts of the whole plant | Disk diffusion test | Aspergillus niger:
1: 6 mm
2: 11 mm
3: 0.5 mm
4: 7 mm
5: 12 mm
Candida albicans:
1: 10 mm
2: 10.5 mm
3: 3.5 mm
4: 8.5 mm
5: 8 mm
Fusarium sp.:
1: 12 mm
2: 11 mm
3: 3 mm
4: 12 mm
5: 19 mm | [124] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Microdilution method | Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 40640 (MIC 40 μl/ml)
Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 15517 (MIC 40 μl/ml) | [36] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Microdilution method | Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MIC 640 μl/ml)
Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 160 μl/ml)
Streptococcus suis (MIC 160 μl/ml)
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (MIC 80 μl/ml)
Actinomyces pyogenes (MIC 80 μl/ml)
Pasteurella multocida (MIC 80 μl/ml)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 20 μl/ml)
Escherichia coli (MIC 20 μl/ml) | [125] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Rhizoctonia solani (MIC 4000 μl/l)
Pythium debaryanum (MIC 300 μl/l)
Pythium aphanidermatum (MIC 300 μl/l) | [126] |
| Aqueous extract of the leaves | Microdilution method | Trichoderma viride (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Alternaria porri (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Aspergillus parasiticus (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Aspergillus fumigatus (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Fusarium lini (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Alternaria brassicae (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Colletotrichum sp. (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Fusarium sesami (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Fusarium nivale (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Alternoria solani (IC50 > 500 μl/l)
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (IC50 > 393.4 μl/l)
Aspergillus niger (IC50 > 244.7 μl/l)
Aspergillus sulphureus (IC50 > 475.4 μl/l)
Helminthosporium oryzae (IC50 > 197.7 μl/l)
Alternoria alternata (IC50 > 475.5 μl/l)
Alternoria tenuissima (IC50 > 321.1 μl/l)
Fusarium semitectum (IC50 > 243.5 μl/l)
Cladosporium cladosporioides (IC50 > 228.6 μl/l)
Drechslera aunti (IC50 > 411 μl/l)
Penicillium citrinum (IC50 > 446.7 μl/l) | [127] |
| Methanolic extract of the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus (6 mm)
Bacillus subtilis (9 mm) | [128] |
| Hexanic extract of the leaves | Microdilution method | Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 (IC50 ≅ 200 μg/ml)
Proteus mirabilis ATCC 7002 (IC50 ≅ 200 μg/ml)
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 (IC50 ≅ 400 μg/ml)
Proteus vulgaris ATCC 49132 (IC50 ≅ 100 μg/ml)Serratia marcescens FJ584421 (IC50 ≅ 50 μg/ml) | [29] |
| Petroleum ether (1), chloroform (2), methanolic (3), and aqueous (4) extracts of the leaves | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213:
1: 13 mm
2: 8 mm
3: 8 mm
4: 12 mm
Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115:
1: 0 mm
2: 7 mm
3: 5 mm
4: 0 mm
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922:
1: 7 mm
2: 10 mm
3: 0 mm
4: 0 mm
Serratia marcescens ATCC 21074:
1: 18 mm
2: 0 mm
3: 8 mm
4: 0 mm
Aspergillus flavus ATCC 32612:
1: 18 mm
2: 0 mm
3: 0 mm
4: 14 mm | [129] |
| Leaf essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli MPPLU 01 (MIC 0.6 μl/ml) | [130] |
| Leaf essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Rhizoctonia solani (MIC 5.000 μg/ml)
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (MIC 5.000 μg/ml)
Sclerotium rolfsii (MIC 5.000 μg/ml) | [131] |
| Leaf methanolic extract | Disk diffusion test | Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109 (7.5 mm)Bacillus subtilis MTCC 121 (8 mm)Salmonella typhi MTCC 733 (7 mm) | [132] |
| Leaf essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli MPPLU 01 (MIC 0.998 μg/ml) | [133] |
| Aerial parts methanolic extract | Disk diffusion test | Candida albicans (7 mm) | [105] |
| Leaf essential oil | Disk diffusion test | Microsporum gypseum (MIC 625 μg/ml)
Aureobasidium pullulans (MIC 5.000 μg/ml)
Candida albicans (MIC 10.000 μg/ml)
Aspergillus flavus (MIC 10.000 μg/ml)Trichophyton rubrum (MIC 156 μg/ml)Cryptococcus neoformans (MIC 5.000 μg/ml) | [134] |
| Essential oil from the leaves | Microdilution method | Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 64 and 256 μg/ml)
Candida albicans (IC50 18.15 μg/ml)
Candida tropicalis (IC50 40.4 μg/ml) | [135] |
| Leaf hydroethanolic extract | Disk diffusion test | Staphylococcus aureus (0.7 cm)
Salmonella typhi (0.52 cm)
Escherichia coli (0.25 cm) | [136] |
| Leaf essential oil | Microdilution method | Enterococcus faecalis (IC50 5.78 μg/ml)
Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 68.98 μg/ml)
Bacillus cereus (IC50 9.35 μg/ml)
Candida albicans (IC50 6.78 μg/ml) | [137] |
|
