Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human and Livestock Ailments in Basona Werana District, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Table 1

List of traditional medicinal plants used to treat human and livestock ailments in Basona Werana District.

Scientific name	Family	Local name (CN)	GH	Habitat	Part used	CD	Health problem treated	Route of application	Used for	Mode of preparation of the remedies
Achyranthes aspera L.	Amaranthaceae	Teleji (NT 66)	H	Wild	Root	D	Stomachache	Oral	Human	Root of A. aspera with Rumex nepalensis Spreng. powdered and mixed with water and then drunk
					Leaf and stem	F	Wound	Dermal	Both	Crushed the leaf and stem and then creamed repeatedly on the affected dermal part
					Leaf	F/D	Skin rash	Dermal	Human	Crushed and tied on the dermal part
Acmella caulirhiza Del.	Asteraceae	Yemider berbere (NT 67)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Toothache	Oral	Human	Shoot apex are taken from Olinia rochetiana and A. caulirhiza and then pounded and placed on pain tooth
Acokanthera schimperi (A.DC.) Schweinf.	Apocynaceae	Merenze (NT 28)	Sh	Wild	Root	D	Rabies	Oral	Livestock	Pounded and mixed in water and then drunk
Aeonium leucoblepharum Webb ex A. Rich.	Crassulaceae	Tibitiba (NT 34)	H	Wild	Root	F/D	Rheumatism	Dermal	Human	A. leucoblepharum and R. nepalensis roots are crushed and applied to the affected part
Ajuga integrifolia Buch. Ham.	Lamiaceae	Armagusa (NT 70)	H	Wild	Root	F/D	Herpes	Dermal	Human	Crushed the root and leaf and then heated on fire and placed on the affected body part
					Root	F	Hypertension	Oral	Human	Squeezed or boiled and drunk
Allium sativum L.	Amaryllidaceae	Nech shinkurt (NT 13)	H	Home garden	Bulb	D	Influenza virus	Oral	Human	The fruit juice of Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle mixed with the crushed bulb of A. sativum and then drunk until recovery
					Bulb		Asthma	Oral and nasal	Human	The bulb with rhizome of Zingiber officinale boiled in water, then the filtrate is drunk, and the nasal is fumigated by its vapour
Aloe debrana Christian	Asphodelaceae	Eret (NT 41)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Hemorrhoids	Anal	Human	Tied A. debrana’s jelly on the affected area
Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex A. Rich.	Asteraceae	Chikugn (NT 73)	H	Wild or home garden	Root	F/D	Diarrhoea	Oral	Livestock	The root and leaves of A. abyssinica are crushed and mixed with water and then drenched in goat and sheep
					Root and leaf	F	Diarrhoea	Oral	Both	The fresh root and leaves are crushed and mixed with water and then drunk
					Root	F	Stomachache	Oral	Human	The root of A. abyssinica, Verbena officinalis, and C. ficifolius pounded with A. sativum bulb and Lepidium sativum L. seed and then mixed with water and drunk
Asparagus africanus Lam.	Asparagaceae	Yeset-qest (NT 11)	Sh	Wild	Root	F/D	Bleeding after delivery	Fumigation	Human	Mix the roots of A. africanus, Carissa spinarum, Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R. Br. ex Vatke, and Capparis tomentosa Lam. and then fumigate the body
Berberis holstii Engl.	Berberidaceae	Zenkila (NT 19)	Sh	Wild	Root	D	Eye disease	Optical	Human	The powder of root mixed with butter and applied to the affected eye
Brassica nigra (L.) W.D. K. Koch.	Brassicaceae	Sinafch (NT 74)	H	Wild or home garden	Seed	D	Wound	Dermal	Human	Pounded the seed and mixed with Vaseline/honey and then creamed on the affected part
Buddleja polystachya Fresen.	Scrophulariaceae	Anfar (NT 31)	Sh	Wild	Leaf and root	F	Hemorrhoids	Dermal	Animal	Roots and leaves of B. polystachya crushed with bean gran, L. sativum seed, cottonseed, and Aloe sap and then applied to the affected part
Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.	Apocynaceae	Kinbo (NT 5)	T	Wild	Root and leaf	F	Hemorrhoids	Anal	Human	Drop its juice on the affected part
Carissa spinarum L.	Apocynaceae	Agam (NT 48)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Diarrhoea	Oral	Human	The leaf was powdered and mixed with Coffea arabica L. and drunk
					Root	D	Bleeding after delivery	Nasal or Oral	Human	Mix the roots of C. spinarum, C. myricoides, and C. tomentosa and then fumigate
Cicer arietinum L.	Fabaceae	Shimbra (NT 76)	H	Wild or home garden	Seed	D	Snakebite	Oral	Human	Bake seed powder with Sesamum angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl. and eat
Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck	Rutaceae	Lomi (NT 40)	Sh	Home garden	Fruit	F	Skin fungus	Dermal	Human	Creamed and massaged by its juice on the affected skin continuously until recovery
Clematis simensis Fresen.	Ranunculaceae	Azo hareg (NT 57)	Cl	Wild	Root and stem	F/D	Swellings	Dermal	Human	Crashed and tied on the affected part
					Leaf	F	Swelling	Dermal	Human	Pound the leaf and tied on wound
					Stem	F	Hemorrhoids	Dermal	Human	Stem of C. simensis heated on fire and hold on the affected area
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach	Peraceae	Fyele fej (NT 68)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Dandruff	Dermal	Human	Pounded and squeezed the leaf and then creamed on the affected part continuously until recovery
					Root	F/D	Anthrax	Oral	Human	The roots of A. aspera, Tragia cinerea (Pax) M.G.Gilbert & Radcl.-Sm., Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia (L.F.) J.G. West, C. abyssinica, C. spinarum, Searsia retinorrhoea (Steud. ex Oliv.) Moffett, C. ficifolius, and Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Quart. Dill. & A. Rich. mixed with “tela” and then drunk
Coffea arabica L.	Rubiaceae	Buna (NT 43)	Sh	Home garden	Seed	D	Wound	Dermal	Both	The seed is crushed and the powder is pasted on the wound
Cordia africana Lam.	Boraginaceae	Wanza (NT 29)	T	Wild or home garden	Root and seed	F/D	Involuntary urination in bed	Oral	Human	Root and seed will be pounded together, mixed with honey, and swallowed
					Leaf	F	Fire burn	Dermal	Human	Fired the leaf and the ash will be creamed on the burnt part/wound
Crinum abyssinicum Hochst. ex A. Rich.	Amaryllidaceae	Yejib-Shinkurt (NT 06)	H	Wild	Root	F	Rheumatism	Dermal	Human	C. abyssinicum root mixed with A. sativum and hooted by fire and hold on the affected part or the powder of both of the above will be mixed with Vaseline and creamed on the affected area
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Del.	Euphorbiaceae	Bisana (NT 36)	T	Wild or home garden	Leaf	F	Chirt	Dermal	Human	Shoot apex mixed with Aloe trichosantha’s A. Berger juice and tied on the affected part
					Bark	F	Tapeworm	Oral	Human	Crushed, pounded, mixed with water, and then drunk
Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich.	Cucurbitaceae	Yemidirembuay (NT 32)	H	Wild	Stem	F	Wound	Dermal	Human	Fresh C. ficifolius stem fired and hold on wound
					Root and leaf	F	Stomachache	Oral	Human	C. ficifolius root and leaf are boiled in water, and then the filtrate is drunk
					Root and leaf	F	Herpes	Dermal	Human	Roasted C. ficifolius with spider’s web and then pounded and mixed with Vaseline or honey and smeared on infected parts
					Root	F/D	Bloody diarrhoea	Oral	Livestock	Crushed and mixed with some water or milk and then drenched to cattle, goat, and sheep
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stepf.	Poaceae	Tejesar (NT 22)	H	Wild	Root and leaf	F	Stomachache	Oral	Human	Boiled root and leaf by water and then drunk its filtrate
Cynoglossum geometricum Bak. & Wright	Boraginaceae	Chigogot (NT 16)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Skin rash (Chifie)	Dermal	Human	Leaves from O. rochetiana, C. geometricum, Sheep’s horn, and Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. seed grind and then massaged by butter
Cynoglossum coeruleum Hochst. ex A.DC.	Boraginaceae	Fkrutena (NT 24)	H	Wild	Root and seed	D	Syphilis	Dermal	Human	Pounded the seed and root and mixed with Vaseline and then creamed on the affected part
Datura stramonium L.	Solanaceae	Astenager (NT 07)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Ear parasites	Ear	Human	Leaf of Nicotiana tabacum L. squeezed and then added a few droplet of solution into ear
Discopodium penninervium Hochst.	Solanaceae	Ameraro (MT 37)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Skin rash	Dermal	Human	Leaves from A. integrifolia and C. macrostachyus ground and then massaged on the affected part
Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia L.f.	Sapindaceae	Kitkita (NT 62)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Skin rash (chifie)	Dermal	Human	Roasted and powdered the leaf and mixed with butter and creamed the affected part
					Root	F	Stomachache	Oral	Livestock	Grind the root and mix in water and then drench for equine
Dombeya torrida (J.F. Gmel) Bamps	Malvaceae	Wulkefa (NT 52)	T	Wild	Leaf	F	Fire burn	Dermal	Human	Squeezed and creamed on the affected part
Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb.	Salicaceae	Koshm (NT 64)	Sh	Wild	Root, leaf, and seed	F/D	Bigunj	Dermal	Human	Fresh leaves, root, and seed are ground together and applied on Bigunj
Echinops kebericho Mesfin	Asteraceae	Kebercho (NT 55)	Sh	Wild	Root	D	Evil eye	Nasal	Human	Inhale the smoke
Eucalyptus Globulus Labill.	Myrtaceae	Nechbahirzaf (NT 14)	T	Wild or home garden	Leaf	F	Influenza	Nasal	Human	Chopped, boiled, and inhaled
							Common cold	Nasal	Human	Boiled and fumigated
							Foot fungi	Dermal	Human	Collected the younger leaves and massaged/placed them underfoot
Euclea racemosa L.	Ebenaceae	Dedho (NT 46)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Skin rash (chifie)	Dermal	Human	O. rochetiana’s leaves will be ground/pounded and smeared on infected part
							Sudden disease	Oral	Livestock	Mix the powder in water and drink/drench
Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	Beles (NT 49)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Ear infection	Ear	Human	Squeezed the leaves by hand and dropped the juice into the ear canal
Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne	Rosaceae	Enjorie (NT 04	H	Wild or home garden	Fruit	F	Coughing	Oral	Human	Boiled its fruits with “Suf” and drunk
Gymnosporia arbutifolia (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Loes.	Celastraceae	Atat (NT 39)	Sh	Wild	Root	F/D	Kidney problem	Oral	Human	The root of C. macrostachyus crushed and powdered and then mixed with water and drink
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Del.) Sch. Bip.	Asteraceae	Grawua (NT 60)	T	Wild	Leaf	F	Ascaris	Oral	Human	Pound with L. ocymifolia and drink with water
							Morbidity	Dermal	Human	Crushed leaves of G. amygdalinum are mixed with water and washed
Hagenia abyssinica Bruce ex Steud.) J.F. Gmel.	Rosaceae	Kosso (NT 50)	T	Wild	Fruit	F	Tapeworm	Oral	Human	After crushed and powdered, mixed with milk and boiled and then drunk
							Nightmare/delivery	Oral	Human	Eat with honey or only itself
Hypericum quartinianum A. Rich.	Hypericaceae	Ameja (NT 63)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Stomachache for equine	Oral	Livestock	Crushed the leaves and mixed with water and then drunk
Pentanema confertiflora (A. Rich.) Mart. Ort.	Asteraceae	Wonagifit (NT 30)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Toothache	Oral	Human	A. caulirhiza and O. rochetiana leaves are ground and placed on pain tooth
							Anthrax	Oral	Human	Boiled with bark of Myrica salicifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. and leaves of Rhamnus prinoides L’Her. and then drunk
							Jaundice	Dermal	Human	Seven twigs from each of I. confertiflora and R. nervosus are taken and then ground and tied on the head for three days
							Eye disease	Optical	Livestock	Powdered and mixed with some water and applied to eye
Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC.	Oleaceae	Tenbelel (NT 51)	Cl	Wild	Leaf	F	Stomachache	Oral	Human	Seven twigs from each J. abyssinicum and Rydingia integrifolia and root from C. ficifolius are taken and pound and then mixed with water and heated by warmed plough and then drunk
Lens culinaris Medik.	Fabaceae	Misir (NT 71)	H	Wild or home garden	Seed	D	Skin rash	Dermal	Human	The seed are ground by teeth before eating food and placed on rash
Leonotis ocymifolia Burm. F.) Iwarsson	Lamiaceae	Raskimr (NT 58)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Cough and common cold	Nasal	Human	Boiled fresh leaves with water and then fumigated it or
										crushed the leaves and the juice was inserted into the nostrils
					Root	F	Snake bite	Dermal	Human	Crushed and tied on the affected part of the body
Lepidium sativum L.	Brassicaceae	Feto (NT 47)	H	Home garden	Seed	D	Diarrhoea that has blood	Oral	Human	Crushed the seed and mixed with milk and then drunk its solution
					Seed	D	Eye disease	Optical	Livestock	Taken shoot apex from I. confertiflora, A. sativum, and M. salicifolia bark and leach and then roosted the mixtures pounded and then inserted in the affected eye
Maesa lanceolata Forssk.	Primulaceae	Kelewa (NT 08)	Sh	Wild	Seed	F/D	Skin rash with itching	Dermal	Human	Powdered seed will be mixed with oil and creamed on the skin
Myrtus communis L.	Myrtaceae	Barsenet (NT 38)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Wound	Dermal	Human	Leaves of L. sativum and R. chalepensis pounded together and smeared with Vaseline
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn.	Solanaceae	Atefaris (NT 12)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Dandruff	Dermal	Human	Leaves are crushed and massaged on the affected part. and placed for a long every day until recovery
Nicotiana tabacum L.	Solanaceae	Tinbaho (NT 72)	Sh	Wild or home garden	Leaf	F	Cough	Nasal	Livestock	Powdered and smoked
					Leaf and fruit	F	Leech	Oral	Livestock	Ground and mixed with water and then drenched
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth.	Lamiaceae	Damakessi (NT 21)	Sh	Wild or home garden	Leaf	F	Febrile illness	Oral	Human	Crushed leaves of Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I. Wood and Salvia nilotica Juss. ex Jacq. together drunk with coffee or tea
					Leaf	F	Headache	Oral	Human	Boiled the leaf with S. nilotica’s root and then drunk
Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif.	Oleaceae	Weyra (NT 42)	T	Wild	Leaf	F	Swelling pain	Dermal	Human	Pounded the leaves of O. europaea, Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Stedud., and Myrsine africana L. and then tied it on the affected body part.
					leaf	F	Tonsillitis	Oral	Human	The leaf is rubbed and the juice is put on cup and drunk
Olinia rochetiana A. Juss.	Penaeaceae	Tife (NT 02)	T	Wild	Leaf	F	Hemorrhoids	Dermal	Human	O. rochetiana and C. simensis leaves will be powdered and applied to the affected part
					Leaf	F	Swelling	Oral	Human	Shoot apex are taken from O. rochetiana, O. lanceolata, M. africana, and O. europaea subsp. cuspidata and pound together and then mixed with water and drunk
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Stedud.	Santalaceae	Keret (NT 45)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Wound	Dermal	Human	The leaf is crushed and then placed and tied on wound
Rydingia integrifolia (Benth.) Scheen & V.A. Albert	Lamiaceae	Tinzut (NT 27)	Sh	Wild or home garden	Leaf	F	Breast pain/cancer	Dermal	Human	Ground with leaf of C. abyssinica and then tied on the affected breast part
Phytolacca dodecandra L’Her.	Phytolaccaceae	Endod (NT 61)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Rabies	Oral	Human	Pounded the leaf and mixed with C. arabica and then drink with a teacup every morning until recovery
					Leaf	F	Anthrax	Oral	Human	Shoot is crushed and mixed with water and then drunk
Plectranthus lactiflorus (Vatke) Agnew	Lamiaceae	Dibrk (NT 53)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Diarrhoea	Oral	Human	Roots and leaves of P. lactiflorus are crushed; mixed with water and the filtrate is drunk
Rhamnus prinoides L’Her.	Rhamnaceae	Gesho (NT 33)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Toothache	Oral	Human	Hold the leaf by the infected teeth during the feeling of ache
Rosa abyssinica R.Br.	Rosaceae	Kega (NT 35)	Sh	Wild	Fruit	F	Hypertension	Oral	Human	Powdered, mixed with water, and drunk
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.	Polygonaceae	Mekmeko (NT 44)	H	Wild	Root	F/D	Hypertension	Oral	Human	Mix its powder with milk and then drink
Ruta chalepensis L.	Rutaceae	Tene adam (NT 59)	H	Home garden	Root, leaf, and stem	F	Stomachache and common cold	Oral	Human	The fruit, stem, and leaves are boiled together in water then drunk and fumigate
Salvia nilotica Juss. Ex Jacq.	Lamiaceae	Hulegeb (NT 54)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Nose bleeding	Nasal	Human	Massage/grind the leaf and insert in nose
					Leaf	F	Headache	Oral	Human	Crushed the leaves of S. nilotica and O. lamiifolium together and added them into coffee and drunk
					Leaf	F	Febrile illness	Ear	Human	Leaves of S. nilotica, C. coeruleum, and O. lamiifolium are mixed together and inserted their juice through ear
Satureja punctata (Benth.) Briq.	Lamiaceae	Lomishet (NT 03)	H	Wild	Root	F	Hypertension	Oral	Human	The roots of S. punctata and J. abyssinicum are pounded and mixed with fresh cow milk and drunk for seven days
Schinus molle L.	Anacardaceae	Kundo Berbere (NT 75)	T	Wild	Seed	D	Abdominal pain	Oral	Human	The seed is mixed with A. sativum and pounded and drunk
Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich.	Malvaceae	Chifreg (NT 15)	H	Wild	Root and leaf	F	Wound	Dermal	Human	The leaf and root of S. schimperiana are pounded, powdered, and then applied to the affected part
Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. Jeffrey	Asteraceae	Shikoko gomen (NT 69)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Liver disease	Oral	Human	Seven shoot apexes are taken and squeezed into milk and sunflower, juiced, and then drunk
Solanum americanum Mill.	Solanaceae	Yayt awut/Etse Eyesus	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Snake bite	Oral	Human	The shoot tips are chewed with leaves of O. lamiifolium
Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg.	Asteraceae	Nechilo (NT 20)	H	Wild	Leaf	F/D	Headache	Nasal	Human	The leaf of T. officinale is crushed and sniffed at the sickness time
Thymus schimperi Ronniger	Lamiaceae	Tosign (NT 23)	H	Wild	Leaf and seed	F/D	Hypertension	Oral	Human	Leaves and seeds powdered and drunk with tea
Trigonella foenum-graecum L.	Fabaceae	Abshe (NT 26)	H	Wild or home garden	Seed	D	Swelling	Oral	Human	The seed is crushed, powdered, mixed with honey and little water, and then boiled like porridge and eaten
Urtica simensis Hochst. ex A. Rich.	Urticaceae	Sama (NT 10)	Sh	Wild	Leaf	F	Stomachache	Oral	Human	Boiled in water and drunk
Verbena officinalis L.	Verbenaceae	Atuch (NT 09)	H	wild	Root and Stem	F	Diarrhoea and vomiting	Oral	Human	Pounded the leaf, stem, and root and mixed with water then drunk
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.	Scrophulariaceae	Yeahya joro (25)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Nose bleeding	Nasal	Livestock	Squeezing the leaf and inserting in nose
Withania somnifera (L.) Dun.	Solanaceae	Gizawa (NT 56)	H	Wild	Leaf	F	Demon/evil spirit	Oral	Human	Seven twigs/shoot apex are taken from W. somnifera, L. ocymifolia, and I. confertiflora and pounded together and mixed with night water or sweet honey and then drunk
Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond.	Cucurbitaceae	Ybuhie hareg (65)	Cl	Wild	Leaf	F	Amoeba	Oral	Human	Collect leaves and squeeze it and then drink
Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Zingiberaceae	Zingble (NT 57)	H	Home garden	Rhizome	F	Common cold	Oral	Human	Boiled Z. officinale and drank the filtrate

Key: condition (CD): collection number (CN); growth habit (GH), herb (H), shrub (Sh), tree (T), climber (Cl), fresh (F), dried (D).