Ethanol extract of A. cepa in STZ-induced diabetic rats causes 66% decreased at 200 mg/kg after 24 h in blood glucose level [37]. 0.4 g/100gbw of A. cepa reduced 50% the fasting glucose levels of diabetic rats [38]. Similar results reported by other researchers [39].
C. intybus leaf powder, ethanol, aqueous seed extracts, and hexane extracts led to a decrease in blood glucose levels to near normal value. Hypoglycemic effects of C. intybus were observed in diabetic rats, and a dose of 125 mg of plant extract/kg body weight exhibited the most potent hypoglycemic effect [43–45]
Different extracts and fractions of F. carica showed a clear hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats. F. carica leaves exerted significant effect on carbohydrate metabolism enzymes with promising hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities in type 2 diabetic rats [50, 51]
In streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, bark aqueous extract, and an isolated compound, α-amyrin acetate exhibited antidiabetic activity by decreasing the blood glucose level and increasing the HDL level [53]
The aqueous extract of bark and ethanol extract of leaves and fruits had a promising antidiabetic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by decreasing the blood glucose, serum triglyceride, and total cholesterol levels and increasing serum insulin, body weight, and glycogen content in the liver and skeletal muscle [53]
F. microcarpa leaves showed protective effect against alloxan-induced diabetic rats by reducing blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and increased insulin level [53]
Oral administration of cumin seeds crude ethanol extract and glibenclamide to diabetic rats significantly and progressively restored toward normal. Cumin seeds crude ethanol extract and glibenclamide reduced plasma glucose levels by 38.34 and 37.73%, respectively, compared with diabetic control [58]. Other studies also reported similar results [59].
Remarkable antidiabetic, anticholinesterase, and antityrosinase effects were recorded for the mint oil [61, 62]. Still need to investigate in vivo antidiabetic potential.
Aqueous and ethanol extract of Teucrium oliverianum were tested for antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Both extracts significantly reduced blood sugar levels [65]
Infusion orally (64% decrease glucose level) and intraperitoneal of different extracts of T. polium caused significant reductions in blood glucose concentration in STZ hyperglycemic rats [68]
Extracts of Aerva lanata and glibenclamide were found to significantly ( < 0.01 and < 0.05) reduce the blood glucose level and lipid profile in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [73]
In diabetic mice at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg per kg body weight, the extract reduced blood sugar levels by 22.9, 30.7, 45.4, and 46.1%, respectively, compared to control animals. By comparison, a standard antihyperglycemic drug, glibenclamide, when administered at a dose of 10 mg per kg body weight, reduced blood glucose level by 48.9% [75]
C. roseus (100 mg/kg BW) lowered the glucose level more than metformin-treated group (100 mg/kg BW) in STZ-induced hyperglycemia rats. C. roseus 200 mg/kg dose was found to be more effective in reducing fasting blood glucose levels [79]
Extracts Rhazya stricta lowered 37.9% blood glucose level in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly ( < 0.05) reduced in the treated diabetic group compared to the untreated diabetic group [81]
Different extracts of C. procera at dose of 250 mg/kg were orally administered as single dose per day to diabetes-induced rats for the period of 15 days significantly decreases blood glucose level to the level of standard drug glibenclamide [83]
Powder and water extract of O. ficus-indica significantly (in comparison with control group) returned blood glucose level to the initial level, 180 min after administration in STZ-induced diabetic rats [86]. Many studies confirmed the hypoglycemic activities of O. ficus-indica [87]
C. decidua extracts at dose level of 200 and 800 mg/kg significantly reduce sugar level (in a dose-dependent manner) compared to standard drug in STZ-induced diabetic and normal rats [88].
27
Beta vulgaris
Chenopodiaceae
Root bark
North Hejaz and Eastern Najd region of Saudi Arabia [89]
Extract of B. vulgaris at does level 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of significantly reduced sugar level and increased in insulin level (in a dose-dependent manner) in streptozotocin or alloxan-induced diabetic mice [90]. Other researchers also concluded similar finding in STZ-induced diabetic rats [91].
Ethanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg of bw) of H. salicornicum (oral administration) exhibited persistent hypoglycemic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats [93]
E. alsinoides ethanol extract at dose level (150 mg/kg bw) in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats leads to hyperglycemia in experimental diabetic rats that decreased utilization of glucose by insulin-dependent pathways [94, 95]
I. aquatica ethanol extract at dose level (10, 100, and 1000 µg/ml in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats significantly ( < .05) exhibited the ability to enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake into 3T3F442A adipocytes cells compared to insulin alone [97]. Another study confirmed that doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) reduced blood glucose level, and it was statistically highly significant ( < 0.001) in comparison with control group [98].
1 ml/kg and 2 ml/kg of C. colocynthis extract (orally administered) stabilized animal body weight and ameliorated hyperglycemia in a dose- and time-dependent manner in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [99]
C. lanatus seed extract (2, 4 g/kg) treatment significantly lowers glucose level which suggested that C. lanatus had antidiabetic property in STZ-induced diabetes mice [101]. Other researcher also concluded similar finding in STZ-induced diabetic rats [102]
The C. grandis extract (0.75 mg/kg, orally) showed remarkable glycemic effect which confirmed antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [103].
Ethanolic extract of J. curcas leaves at doses of (250 and 500 mg ml−1 bw by administered orally) reduced glucose level from 219.5 to 116.5 and 237 to 98.8, respectively, in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results were comparable to reduction in rats treated with the standard glibenclamide 232–94.5 at 600 μg kg−1 [104].
R. communis extracts at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg/BW administered orally caused hyperglycemia in a dose-dependent manner in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats [105].
A review article focusing on antidiabetic potential of F. carica confirmed that different extracts and fractions of F. carica and different doses significantly reducing hyperglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats compared to standard drug [106].
Alloxan-induced type 2 diabetic albino Wistar rats treated with 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg (body weight) of the extract of F. sycomorus intraperitoneally reduced glucose level in diabetic rats almost to the normal as compared to diabetic control [107]
Alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with 5% and 10% of Sesamum indicum seed powder significantly decreased blood glucose and increased insulin levels as compared with the positive (diabetic) control group [108]
0.7 g/kg of P. erioptera extract showed significant antidiabetic effect compared to standard drug metformin and glibenclamide in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats [110]
Many ethnopharmacological investigations reported its antidiabetic potential but still need to study its in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic potential [113, 114]
The strongest ( < 0.001) antidiabetic activity (25.59 and 39.48% after 7 and 15 days, respectively) was found following treatment with dose level of 500 mg/kg of Z. spina-christi extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice [115].
B. monnieri extract at dose level of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg significantly inhibited (33.3, 34.2, 42.1, and 44.2%, respectively) the increase in serum glucose concentration in a dose-dependent manner compared to standard drug [116].
The strongest ( < 0.001) antidiabetic activity of L. shawii extract of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw was found in a dose-dependent manner in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats [117].
S. nigrum extract was given orally in the dose level of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day (7 days) significantly lowering the blood glucose level in fasting compared to standard drug in alloxan-induced diabetic albino Wistar rats [118].
W. somnifera extract oral administration at two doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) reduced the blood glucose level significantly ( < 0.001) in a dose‐dependent manner in streptozotocin-induced diabetes rats. Only WS treatment did not register any significant change in the blood glucose level when compared to citrate control rats [119]. Another study also confirmed similar results in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [120]
Literature survey showed that L. camara leaf extract oral administration (200, 250, and 500 mg/kg of bw) showed antidiabetic potential in alloxan-induced diabetic rats [121]
P. harmala seed extract at dose level of (30, 60, and 120 mg/kg, orally administered for four weeks) significantly decreases in blood glucose (in all doses, < 0.001), in comparison with diabetic group [122].
T. terrestris extract at (2 g/kg body weight) produced protective effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by inhibiting oxidative stress [123]. T. terrestris L. extract (250 mg/kg of bw orally administered) significantly lowers glucose level to normal compared to standard drug in glucose-loaded normal rabbits [124]
