Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human and Animal Diseases in Sedie Muja District, South Gondar, Ethiopia

Table 1

List of medicinal plants used to treat only human diseases, only livestock diseases, both human and livestock diseases in the study area: scientific name, local name, habit, habitat, disease treated, parts used, and conditions of preparation, method of preparation, dosage form, and route of administration.

No	Scientific name	Local name	Ha	Hab	Disease treated	Pu	Conditions, method of preparation and dosage	RA
1	Rumex nervosusVahl.	Embaucho	S	Wd	Hemorrhoid	R	Fresh root is heated with fire and massaged the wound	D
					Snake bite	L	Fresh leaf is chewed and the solution is swallowed during the time of bite.	O
					Bone fracture	L	Fresh leaves are tied by threads on the affected part	D
2	Justica schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders	Simiza	S	Bo	Stomachache	R	The fresh root is crushed and mixed with little water and then drunk	O
					Hepatitis	L	Fresh leaf is boiled with milk (decoction) and drunk with 1–3 cups of tea.	O
					Antrax	L + St	The shoot tip is cut, squeezed, and drunk by it mixing with a little water	O
3	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Giziewa	S	Wd	Diarrhea	L	The fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and mixed with water and drunk	O
					Evil eye	R	The “Atik” size of dry root is cut, crushed and burnt in fire and fumigated.	F
4	Dodonaea viscosa L.f.	Kitkita	S	Wd	Bone fracture	L	the fresh leaves are tied by treads on the affected part	D
					Evil eye	R	Dry root is covered with a piece of cloth and tied on the neck	D
5	Aloe Sp.	Setie eret	H	Wd	Tinea versicolor	L	The fresh leaf is cut to isolate the fresh juice and creamed on the head	D
					Eye infection	L	Fresh leaf is squeezed and the juice is dropped on the eye	Oc
					Dandruff	L	The fresh juice is painted on the head	D
6	Zingiber officinaleRosco.	Zingible	H	Wd	Stomachache	St	Fresh stem is chewed and swallowed	O
					Common cold	St	Dry stem is pounded, boiled in tea, and drunk as one cup of tea	O
					Tonsillitis	R	Fresh root/rhizome is crushed and applied.	O
7	Phytolacca dodecandra L`Herit.	Endod	S	Bo	Abortion	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, mixed with water and one cup is drunk	O
					Malaria	R	The dry root or fresh root is pounded, powdered, mixed with water, and one glass cup is given to the patient	O
					Eye disease	L	Fresh leaf is crushed and mixed with butter then applied on the eye.	Oc
8	Plantago palmata Hook.f.	Yewush milas	H	Hg	Abortion	R	Fresh root is crushed, squeezed, and mixed with water: the juice is isolated and 1–2 cups are drunk	O
					Toothache	R	Holding the fresh root (un processed) in between teeth.	D
					Bloating	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with water and given orally	O
9	Clematis simensis L.	Azo hareg	Cl	Wd	Febrile illness	L + St	Fresh leaves and stem are boiled and fumigated	F
					Wound	L	Dry leaves are pounded, powdered, mixed with butter and applied on the wound	D
10	Xantium strumarium L.	Chemud (Chegogot)	H	Wd	Eye infection	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, and dropped on the eye	Oc
					Febrile illness	L	Fresh leaves are crushed and painted on the whole body part	D
					Acne	L	Fresh leaf is squeezed and applied to the affected skin. Three leaves are used for 7 days.	D
					Dandruff	L	The rubbed and squeezed fresh leaf is creamed on the head.	D
11	Ocimium lamiifolium L	Damakesi	S	Hg	Febrile illness	L + St	Fresh leaves and stem are boiled with coffee and one cup is drunk	O
					Headache	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with water, and drunk.	O
					Diarrhea	L	Fresh leaf is boiled with tea and one cup of tea is drunk	O
12	Ficus vasta Forssk.	Warka	T	Wd	Wound	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and creamed on the affected part.	D
13	Ruta chalepensi L.	Tena adam	H	Hg	Evil eye	L + St	Fresh leaves and stem are boiled with tea and one cup is given to patients	O
					Diarrhea	L	Fresh leaf together with salt (concoction) is chewed.	O
					Common cold	L	Fresh leaves are inhaled through the nose	N
14	Allium sativum L	Nech shinkurt	H	Hg	Evil eye	Bu	Fresh bulb is eaten with injera	O
					Common cold	Bu	Fresh bulb is boiled with tea and one cup is drunk	O
					Malaria	Bu	Fresh bulb is crushed, mixed with honey, and soaked for seven days, then one spoon of the mixture is eaten in the morning for five days	O
15	Achyranthes aspera Lam.	Telenzh	H	Wd	Wound	L	Fresh leaf is crushed and tied on the wound	D
					Stomachache	R	Fresh root is chewed and swallowed during feeling of pain	O
16	Croton macrostachy us Del.	Bisana	T	Wd	Febrile illness	L + St	Fresh shoot tips are cut at seven areas of the plant and pounded, mixed with little water, and half cup is drunk	O
					Stomachache	R	Dry root is pounded, powdered, mixed with water, and one glass is drunk.	O
					Rabies	Ba	Dry bark is powdered and mixed with water and prepared with teff injera (concoction) and simply eaten	O
						Ba	Dry bark is powdered and mixed with water and 1 bottle is given orally	O
					Face fungus (tenea facie)	L + St	The fresh shoot tip is cut, squeezed, and the juice is applied on the face	O
17	Rhamnus prinoidesL. Herit.	Gesho	S	Hg	Tonsillitis	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, and put on the forehead	D
					Leishimaniasis	L	Fresh leaves are crushed and massaged on the wound.	D
18	Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.	Lomi	S	Hg	Tinea versicolor	Fr	Dry fruit together with egg is burnt and its ash is mixed with butter and then painted on the wound	D
					Skin rash	Fr	The juice of 1 fresh fruit is split, squeezed, and creamed on the skin.	D
19	Calpurnia aurea Ait (Benth).	Digta	S	Wd	Gonorrhea	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with water, and one cup is taken for 3 days.	O
					Snake bite	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with water, and is given orally	O
					Diarrhea	L	The fresh leaf is crushed, soaked in water for 2–3 hrs, decanted, and one glass is administrated orally	O
20	Brucea antidysenterica J.FMill	Abalo	S	Wd	Skin rash	L	Dry leaf is pounded, powdered, mixed with butter, and creamed on the skin	D
21	Buddleja polystachya	Anfar	S	Bo	Wound	L	Dry leaf is pounded, powdered, mixed with butter, and painted on the wound	D
					Eyediseases	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with little water, and dropped on the eye	Oc
22	Capparis tomentosa Lam	Gimero	S	Wd	Evil eye	R	Fresh root is crushed and sniffed through the nose	N
23	Carissa spinarum L	Agam	S	Wd	Evil eye	R	Fresh root is crushed and sniffed through the nose	N
					Wound	R	Dry root is pounded, powdered, and applied on the wound.	D
					Diarrhea	R	Dry root is pounded, powdered, salt is added, it is made as a solution, and drunk	O
24	Sida schimperiana Hochst.ex.A. Rich.	Chifrig	S	Wd	Stomachache	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with water, and one glass cup is drunk	O
					Evil eye	R	Fresh root is chewed	O
25	Cucurbita Pepo L.	Duba	Cl	Hg	Tape worm	Se	Dry seeds are roasted, powdered, mixed with little water, and drunk	O
26	Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter	Tef	H	Hg	Anemia	Se	Dry seeds are powdered, cooked, and eaten as a form of bread	O
					Lack of appetite and to fatten cattle	Se	Dry seeds are boiled, cooled down and then allowed to eat	O
27	Grewia ferruginea H	Lenkuata	S	Wd	Retained placenta	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and half cup of tea is drunk	O
28	Lepidium sativum L.	Feto	H	Hg	Stomachache	Se	Dry seeds are powdered, mixed with water, and drunk	O
					Febrile illness	Se	Dry seeds are powdered, mixed with a bulb of Allium sativum (concoction) and salt, and eaten.	O
					Diarrhea	Se	Dry seeds are pounded, powdered, mixed with water, and the solution has to be taken orally	O
29	Otostegia integrifolia Benth.	Tinjut	S	Wd	Stomachache	L	Fresh leaf is chewed and swallowed	O
					Common cold	L + St	Dry or fresh leaf and stem together are burnt in fire and sniffed the smoke through the nose	N
					Devil/gine	L + St	Dry leaf and stem together are burnt in fire and fumigated	F
30	Cucumis ficifolius ARich.	Yemidr enbuay	Cl	Wd	Stomachache	R	Fresh root is chewed and swallowed	O
					Snake bite	R	Fresh root is chewed and the liquid content is ingested	O
31	Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.	Mekmeko	H	Wd	Skin rash	R	Fresh roots are crushed, mixed with water, and painted on the wound.	D
					Leishimaniasis	R	Fresh roots are crushed and tied on the wound using a clean piece of cloth.	D
32	Rosa abyssinica Lindley	Kega	S	Wd	Devil	R	Dry root is burnt in fire and fumigated.	F
					Tapeworm	Fr	Handful of fresh ripened fruits (un processed) is directly eaten.	O
33	Impatiens tinctoria A. Rich .	Ensosila	H	Hg	Rheumatic/arthritis	R	Fresh root is crushed and tied around the affected part	D
34	Tragia brevipes pax.	Awulalit	Cl	Wd	Abortion	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with little water, and is drunk with half of coffee cup	O
					Evil eye	R	Dry root is burnt in fire and the smoke is allowed to enter the mouth	O
35	Crinum ornatum (L.f.ex Aiton) Bury	Yejib shinkurt	H	Wd	Tinea versicolor	R	Fresh root is crushed and creamed the content on the infected area.	D
					Ear disease	R	Fresh root is crushed, squeezed, and then its liquid is dropped through ear.	E
36	Euphorbia Schimperiana Scheele	Anterfa	H	Wd	Male genital mutilation	La	The stem is cut to isolate the fresh latex and painted on the skin of tip part of the pines	D
37	Guizotia abyssinica (L. f.) Cass.	Nug	H	Hg	Anthrax	Se	Dry seed is pounded, mixed with water and honey, and one glass cup is drunk	O
						Se	Dry seed is pounded, mixed with water, and given orally	O
					Febrile illness	Se	Dry seeds are roasted, pounded, mixed with water, and drunk	O
					Wound	Se	Dry seeds are chewed and applied on the wound	D
38	Echinops kebericho L.	Kebercho	H	Wd	Epidemics	R	Dry root is burnt in fire and fumigated	F
					Epidemics	R	Dry root is burnt in fire and fumigated	F
					Evil sprit	R	Dry root is powdered, burnt in fire, and fumigated	F
39	Brassica nigra L	Senafich	H	Hg	Stomachache	Se	Dry seeds are pounded, powdered, mixed with water, and eaten with injera	O
40	Verbena officinalis	Atuch	H	Wd	Stop bleeding after birth	L	Fresh leaf is massaged and rubbed on the ear skin	D
					Wound	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and painted on the wound	D
					Diarrhea	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
41	Aloe Sp.	Wondie eret	H	Wd	Ear infection	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and the juice is poured into the ear canal	E
42	Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst) R.Br.ex	Misirich	S	Wd	Swelling	L	Fresh leaves are crushed and pasted on the swelling	D
					Anthrax	L	Fresh leaves are squeezed and drunk	O
					Evil sprit	R	Dry or fresh roots are grounded with seeds of Allium sativum and leaves of Ruta chalepensis (concoction) powder are soaked in water and ingested.	O
43	Coriandrum sativum L.	Dinblal	H	Hg	Cough	Se	Dry seed is powdered, mixed with honey, and two spoons of the mixture is eaten every morning until recovery	O
					Common cold	Se	Dry seeds are boiled with tea and drunk before meal	O
44	Linum usitatissimum L.	Telba	H	Hg	Gastritis	Se	Dry seeds are boiled with sugar and cooled down then one glass cup is drunk every morning for ten days	O
					Retained placenta	Se	Dry seed is powdered and homogenized and mixed with water and boiled (decoction) and then the solution is drunk after being cooled.	O
45	Trigonella foenum Graceum L	Abish	H	Hg	Constipation	Se	Dry seeds are powdered, soaked with water for 12 hours, filtered the fluid, added sugar and concoction, and drunk	O
					Rheumatic/arthritis	Se	Dry seeds are grinded, powdered, and homogenized in water and drunk with a spoonful.	O
46	Datura stramonium L	Astenagir	H	Wd	Tinea versicolor	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and painted on the head	D
					Ear infection	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and the sap is dropped into the ear canal	E
					Toothache	Se	Dry seed is roasted, powdered, burned in fire, and fumigated the smoke trough the mouth	F
					Fire burn	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and painted on the affected area	D
47	Coffea arabica L.	Buna	S	Wd	Cough	L	Fresh leaf is boiled and one cup is drunk at night for few days until recovery	O
					Wound	Se	Dry seed is roasted, pounded, powdered, and the powder is added to the wound	D
					Diarrhea	Se	Dry seed is roasted, powdered, mixed with honey, and one or two spoons is taken in the morning time for three days	O
48	Ziziphus spina christi.	Geba	S	Bo	Wound	L	The fresh leaf is crushed, squeezed, and painted on the wound	D
					Tinea corporis	L	Fresh leaf is massaged and rubbed on the affected area	D
49	Saccharum officinarum L.	Shenkor ageda	H	Hg	Cough	St	Fresh stem is crushed, squeezed, boiled and cooled down, and one cup of tea is taken at night for five days	O
					Gastritis	St	Fresh stem is chewed and the juice is swallowed during the time of pain	O
50	Capsicum annuum L.	Karia	H	Hg	Malaria	Fr	Fresh raw fruit is eaten with injera	O
51	Stephania abyssinic A. RICH	Yeayt hareg	Cl	Wd	Hepatitis	R	Dry root is pounded, powdered, mixed with water, and half a glass cup is drunk	O
					Febrile illness	L + St	Fresh leaf and stem together are boiled and fumigated at night and the whole body is washed the next morning	F
52	Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel.	Kulkual	T	Bo	Stomachache	La	The tip part is cut to isolate the latex, a drop of fresh latex is collected, half a cup is mixed with little water and drunk	O
					Malaria	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with water, and one coffee cup is taken	O
					Leshimaniasis	La	The fresh latex is applied on the wound until recovery	D
					Hemorrhoid	La	Fresh latex is painted on the wound	A
53	Artemisia afra Jack.ex willd.	Chikugn	H	Wd	Devil	L + St	Fresh leaves and stem are crushed and sniffed through the nose	N
					Common cold	L	Fresh leaves are sniffed	N
54	Eucalyptus globulus Labill.	Nech bahirzaf	T	Hg	Febrile illness	L	Fresh leaves are boiled, fumigated at night, and the whole body part is washed the next morning	F
					Common cold	L	Fresh leaf is boiled and sniffed through the nose	N
55	Alchemilla sp L	Lut	H	Wd	Abortion	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with water, and one cup is drunk	O
					Dandruff	R	Dry root is pounded, powdered, mixed with butter, and painted on the head	D
					To fatten calf and loss of appetite	R	Fresh root is crushed and mixed with water and then given orally	O
56	Jasminum grandiflorum L.	Yeset kest	S	Wd	Stomachache	L	Fresh leaves are chewed and swallowed	O
					Tetanus	Fr + L	Dry leaf and fruit are pounded, powdered, mixed with fresh butter (concoction), and creamed on the affected part.	D
57	Brassica carinata	Yehabesha gomen	H	Hg	Stomachache	Se	Dry seeds are pounded, mixed with water, and one glass cup is taken	O
					Chifie	Se	Dry seed is pounded, powdered, mixed with water, and then washed the body with the mixture	D
58	Cicer arietinum L	Shimbra	H	Hg	Spider poison	Se	Dry seeds are powdered, mixed with water, and one glass cup is drunk	O
59	Solanum marginatum L.f	Geber Enbuay	S	Wd	Prevent pregnancy	Se	Seeds are simply swallowed	O
					Cough	Fr	Fresh fruit is squeezed, mixed with milk, and given orally	O
60	Foniculum vulgar Mill	Ensilal	H	Bo	Arthritis	St	The fresh stem is crushed and painted on the affected area	D
					Dry cough/cough	L	The fresh leaf is crushed, soaked in milk, and one glass is drunk continuously.	O
61	Silene macrosolen Steud. ex. A. Rich	Wogert	S	Hg	Evil sprit	R	Dry root is burnt with fire and fumigated	F
					Febrile illness	R	Dry root is pounded, powdered, burnt in fire, and the smoke is fumigated	F
62	Zehneria scabra (Linn.f.) Sondl.	Hareg eresa	Cl	Hg	Febrile illness	L + St	Fresh leaves and stem are boiled, fumigated at night time, and washed the whole body early morning the next day	F
					Eye disease	L	Fresh leaves are boiled in water (decoction) and fumigated.	F
63	Myrtus communis L.	Ades	S	Hg	Devil	L	Dry leaves are burnt in fire and fumigated	F
					Scabies	L	Dry leaves are pounded, powdered, and mixed with butter, and then applied on the affected area	D
64	Guizotia schimperi	Adey abeba	H	Wd	Melasma	Fl	Flowers are collected, dried, pounded, mixed with water, and massaged the affected area	D
65	Artemisia absinthium L	Aruti	H	Hg	Devil	L	Dry leaves are burnt in fire and fumigated	F
66	Physalis peruviana	Anbut (Awut)	H	Wd	Wound	Fr	Fresh fruit is squeezed and the sap of the fruit is added to the wound	D
					Fire burn	L	Fresh leaf is squeezed and then creamed on the affected part	D
67	Vicia faba L.	Bakela	H	Hg	Boil	Se	Dry seeds are chewed and applied on the wound	O
					Leshmaniasis	Se	Fresh seed is chewed and put on the wound after scratching.	D
68	Tephrosia inerrupta Hochst. and Steud ex	Giramta	H	Hg	Mumps	St	Dry stem is covered with a piece of cloth and tied on the neck	D
69	Clausena anisata (Wild) Hook.f.ex.Benth	Limbich	S	Wd	Menigitis	St	Dry stem is covered with a piece of cloth and tied on the neck	D
					Fire injury	L	Fresh leaves are crushed and tied on the injured area.	D
70	Millettia ferruginea (Hoshst.)Bak.	Birbira	T	Wd	Skin rash	Fr + Se	Dry fruits and seeds are pounded, powdered, mixed with butter, and painted on the affected skin	D
71	Catha edulis Vahl) Forssk. ex Endl.	Chat	S	Hg	Stomachache	L	Fresh leaves are boiled and one glass cup is drunk	O
					Evil sprit	L	Fresh leaves are chewed and put on the head of patients	D
72	Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich.	Andawula	H	Wd	Skin rash	L	Fresh leaves are put on the fire and the affected area is rubbed	D
					Tonsillitis	R	Fresh root is crushed, squeezed in the water, and one cup is taken orally.	O
73	Capsicum annuum L.	Berberie	H	Hg	Prevent abortion	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, mixed with water and drunk with one coffee cup	O
74	Argemone mexican	Nechlebash	H	Bo	Accident	R	Fresh root is crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
75	Inula confertiflora A. Rich	Woyina gift	S	Wd	Eye infection	L	Dry leaves are pounded, powdered, and applied the powder into the eye using a small bamboo tube	Oc
					Wound	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, and the juice is dropped on the wound	D
76	Nicotiana tabacum L	Tinbaho	H	Wd	Expel leech	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
					Cough	L	Dry leaf is pounded and smoked as a cigarette through the nose	N
					Blackleg	L	Fresh leaf is crushed and given to livestock.	O
77	Premna schimperi Engl.	Chechiho	S	Wd	Eye infection	L	Fresh leaf is crushed and painted on the eyelid	Oc
78	Dodonaea angustifolia L.f	Ketetina	H	Wd	Expel leech	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
					Hepatitis	R	Dry roots are burned on fire and smoke is inhaled through the nose.	N
					Rheumatic/Arthritis	R	Fresh roots are cut, washed, and then 5 pieces of roots are chewed with salt.	O
79	Schinus molle L.	Kundo berberie	T	Hg	Bloating	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
					Eye diseases	Fr	Fresh fruits are chewed and spat into the eye	Oc
80	Momordica foetida	Kura hareg	Cl	Wd	Wound	L	Fresh leaves are crushed and painted on the wound	D
					Febrile illness	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
81	Juniperus procera	Yehabesha tsid	T	Wd	Febrile illness	L	Fresh leaves are simply eaten	O
					Antrax	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	O
82	Plantago lanceolata L.	Gorteb	H	Wd	Eye infection	L	Dry leaves are pounded, powdered, and the powder is added into the eye	Oc
					Wound	L	Fresh leaf is crushed and rubbed on the wound area	D
83	Ficus carica L	Beles	S	Wd	Ringworm	La	Fresh leaf is crushed to isolate fresh latex and creamed on the infected skin.	D
					Wound	La	Fresh leaf is crushed to isolate fresh latex and painted on the wound	D
					Hemorrhoid	La	The stem is cut to isolate the latex and the latex is painted on the wound	D
84	Acanthus sennii Chiov	Kusheshilie	S	Wd	Rabies	R	Fresh root is crushed and given with water to all animals.	O
85	Vernonia amygdalina Delile.	Girawa	S	Wd	Bloating	L	Fresh leaf is crushed, mixed with water, and drunk	O
					Malaria	L	Fresh leaves are crushed, mixed with water, filtered, and drunk.	O
					Urinary problems	L	Fresh leaf is crushed with the leaf of Eucalyptus globulus (concoction), made into a solution, and then drunk.	O
86	Jasminium grandiflorum L.	Tembelel	Cl	Wd	Eye disease	L + St	The fresh leaves and seven pieces of immature stems of Olea europaea are grounded, powdered (concoction), mixed with water, and 2–3 drops of the mixture are applied on the infected part for 3 days.	Oc
					Tape worm	L	Dry leaves are powdered and one spoonful of it is mixed with water and drunk per day to get relief.	O
87	Kanahia laniflora	Tifrena	S	Wd	Bleeding after delivery	R	Fresh roots are collected (un processed) and tied on the neck.	D
					Evil sprit	R	Fresh or dry roots are crushed with seeds of Allium sativum and leaves of Ruta chalepensis (concoction), powdered, soaked in water, and inhaled.	N
88	Olea europaea subsp. L.	Woira	T	Wd	Eye disease	St	Fresh stem with leaves of Jasminum abyissinicum are crushed, mixed with water (concoction), and 2–3 drops are applied on the eye.	Oc
					Tonsillitis	L	Washing the fresh juvenile leaf of Olea europea well to chewing and ingesting the juice.	O
					Toothache	St	The fresh stem is heated and caught between the teeth.	O
89	Pterolobiumstellatum (Fors) Brenan	Kentefa	S	Wd	Stomachache	Ba	The fresh bark is chewed and swallowed	O
					Swelling	L	The fresh leaves are crushed and put on the affected part	D

Key : habit (Ha): (Herb (H); shrub (S); tree (T); climber (Cl)). Habitat (Hab): Hg = home garden, Wd = wild; Bo = both parts used (Pu); (B = bark, La = latex, Bu = bulb, R = root, L = leaf, Fr = fruit, Fl = flower, Se = seed, St = stem; L + St = leaf and stem together, Fr + L= fruit and leaf together; Fr + Se = fruit and seed together); Route of administration (RA): (O-oral, D-dermal, N-nasal, Oc-ocular, E-ear, A-anal, F-fumigate).