Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Phytochemical Classification of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Kidney Disease Based on Traditional Persian Medicine

Table 1

Secondary metabolites of medicinal plants are used to treat kidney diseases according to traditional Persian medicine.
No.Scientific nameFamily nameGlycosideOrganic acidCarbohydrateFatty acidPhenolicTerpenoidToxic proteinGlucosinolateCyanogenic glycosideAmineNon-protein amino acidAlkaloidReferences
1Alisma plantago L.Alismaceae    Ferulic acid, Rosmarinic acidTriterpenes,
diterpenes,
sesquiterpenes		      [40]
2Allium ampeloprasum L.Alliaceae     Pinene,
beta-pinene		 Dimethyl tetrasulphide    [41]
3Allium ascalonicum L. (Allium minutiflorum)Alliaceaeβ-D-glucopyranoside]    Furostanol saponins      [42]
4Allium cepa L.AlliaceaeQuercetin glucosidesFormic acid   Humulaneand phytosterolsFluorescent protein     [43]
5Allium porrum L.Alliaceae     Sapogenin      [44]
6Allium roseum L.Alliaceae  TetradecaneHexadecanoic acidTricosane       [45]
7Allium ursinum L.Alliaceae    Kaempferol Lectins     [46]
8Allium vineale L. (Allium vegetable)Alliaceae      β-chlorogeni     [47]
9Pistacia lentiscus var. ChiaAnacardiaceae  Limonene Trans-pinocarveolΑ-pinene,
α-terpinolene		      [48, 49]
10Pistacia lentiscus L.Anacardiaceae CadineneOleanonic acid Phytol,
α-cadinol		α-terpineol      [50]
11Pistacia vera L.Anacardiaceae   Palmitic acidPinocarveol       [51]
12Anethum graveolens L.Apiaceae     β-pinene,
p-cymene,
limonene		      [52]
13Apium graveolens L.ApiaceaeSucrose   Geraniol     β-amyloid [53]
14Carum bulbocastanum—(Boiss.) B. Fedtsch.Apiaceae  Dillapioleβ-Germacrene-        [54]
15Carum carvi L.Apiaceae   Benzenedicarboxylic acid Limonene,
carvone		      [55]
16Carum copticum L.Apiaceae    Thymolβ-pinene,
α-pinene		      [56, 57]
17Ferula assa- foetida L.Apiaceae  P-Cymene Thymolα-pinene, phellandrene      [58]
18Ferula narthexApiaceae     Coumarins      [59]
19Lagoecia cuminoides L.Apiaceae     A-pinene, myrcene, limonene      [60]
20Petroselinum crispumApiaceae 1,2 benzene-dicarbonic acid   Α-pinen, β-phellandrene      [61, 62]
21Seseli tortuosum L. (Seseli libanotis)Apiaceae    CoumarinMyrcene      [63]
22Sium latifolium L.Apiaceae     α-thujene, α-pinene      [64]
23Arum italicum L.Araceae    Guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl   8-O-4′-neolignan glucoside   [65]
24Arum maculatum L.Araceae     α-pinene, β-pinene, terpinolene    Indole [66]
25Colocasia antiquorum (Colocasia esculenta)Araceae   10-octadecenoic acid      Trypsin [67]
26Cocos nucifera L.ArecaceaeSucrose, glucose, fructoseAscorbic acidCarbohydrate   Tryptophan   Alanineβ-Alanine, Aspartic acidThiamin[68]
27Asarum europaeum L.Aristolochiaceae    α-Asarone, β-Asarone       [69]
28Asparagus adscendensAsparagaceae    Spirostanosides   β-D-glucopyranosyl]-(25S)-spirostan-5-en-3β-ol   [70]
29Asparagus officinalis L.Asparagaceae    Capsanthin, Violaxanthin       [71]
30Asparagus racemosusAsparagaceae   n-Hexadecanic acid, Oleic acid        [72]
31Aloe vera L.AsphodelaceaeGlucomannanOxalic acid Tridecanoic acidAnthraquinone/Phytol       [73]
32Artemisia abrotonon L. (Artemisia abyssinica) (Artemisia ketone) (Artemisia annua)Asteraceae    1,8-cineoleMethyl eugenol, camphorTotal protein    Alkaloids[74]
33Artemisia montana (Artemisia ketone, Artemisia annua)Asteraceae Ascorbic acid  QuercetinCamphor      [75]
34Chrysanthemum indicum L.Asteraceae Naphthaleneboronic acidβ-Myrcene Bornyl acetateCamphor      [76]
35Cichorium intybus L.AsteraceaeGlycosides  Fatty acidsLactucin, 8-deoxylactucinLactupicrin     Alkaloids[77]
36Cichorium pumilumAsteraceaeLactucin   AnthocyaninsAnthocyanins      [78]
37Capparis decidua (Capparis cartilaginea, Capparis deserti)CapparidaceaeButyl isothiocyanateAscorbic acidCellulose   Isothiocyanate    Alkaloids[79]
38Capparis spinosa L. (Capparis sicula)CapparidaceaeCapparisineProtocatechuric acid (z,z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acidFurfural, Bis(5-for-mylfurfuryl) ether      Capparisine[80]
39Cucumis colocynthis L.CucurbitaceaeCucurbitacin glucosides   Isosaponarin       [81]
40Cyperus longus L.Cyperaceae     α-longipinene      [82]
41Cyperus rotundus L.Cyperaceae  Myrcene IsocurcumenolΑ-pinene,
P-cymene		     Alkaloids[83]
42Equisetum arvense L.Equisetaceae    Hexahydrofarnesyl acetone, Thymol       [84]
43Acacia catechu (L.)
(Acacia Concinna)		Fabaceae Malic acid  Saponins      Alkaloids[85]
44Alhagi mannifera
(Alhagi maorurum)
(Alhagi pseudalhagi)		Fabaceae Saliylic acidvanillic acid  Quercetin      Salsolidine[86]
45Glycryrrhiza glabra L.FabaceaePectin   FlavonoidsTriterpene      [87]
46Phaseolus vulgaris L.
(Phaseolus aureus)		Fabaceae Trichloroacetic acid    L-tryptophannone    N-acetyl mannosamine[88]
47Vigna reflexo-pilosa
(Vigna radiata)		Fabaceae   Oleic acidGalactosylononitol       [89]
48Vigna unguiculataFabaceae    SterolsTriterpene      [90]
49Ajuga chamaepitys (L.)
(Ajuga. Reptans)		Lamiaceae(α-1,6-galactosyl sucrose) Carbohydrate Iridoid       [91]
50Ajuga iva L.
(Ajuga orientalis)
(Ajuga bracteosa)		Lamiaceae    Linalool Methyl salicylateLimonene      [92]
51Melissa officinalis L.LamiaceaeEpigallocatechin-3-gallateRosmarinic acidΒ-carotene Anthocyanidin,
Curcumin		Citral     Caffeine, Nicotine[93]
52Origanum majorana L.Lamiaceae    4-terpineolSabinene      [94]
53Teucrium chamaedrys L.Lamiaceae  Bicyclo [4.4.0] dec-1-ene 2-Pentadecanoneα-pinene, β-pinen      [95]
54Cinnamomum bejolghotaLauraceae     Terpenes   Phenylpropanoids  [96]
55Cinnamomum camphoraLauraceae  Hexadecy  Α-thujene, α-pinene, camphene      [97]
56Laurus nobilis L.Lauraceous   Lauric acid, Myristic acidTerpinenolCamphene sabinene, myrcene      [98]
57Hyacinthus orientalisLiliaceaeAnthocyanin 3,5-diglucosidesP-cis-coumaric acid,
caffeic acid, malonic acid		  Delphinidin       [99]
58Linum catharticum L.Linaceae   Octadecanoic acid     (2-hydroxyethyl)amide  [100]
59Linum usitatissimum L.Linaceae Vanillic acid α-linolenic acid      Aspartine, Threonine [101]
60Malva sp.
(Malva mauritiana)		MalvaceaeD-glucose           [102]
61Althaea sp.Malvaceae   Stearic acids Trenoids      [103]
62Gossypium herbaceum L.Malvaceae   Linoleic acidβ-bisabololTetrahydrolinaloo      [104]
63Malva parviflora L.Malvaceae  Cyclopropene         [105]
64Malva sylvestris L.Malvaceae   α-linolenic acidQuercetin       [106]
65Ficus sycomorus L.Moraceae 3-acetyl-citric acid  Ethyl-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-ol       [107]
66Morus alba L.MoraceaeCyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucosylrhamnoside   Apigenin       [108]
67Musa sp.Musaceae Ascorbic acid, vitamin A   β-carotene, α-carotene      [109]
68Syzygium aromaticum (L.)Myrtaceae Hexadecanoic acid  Eugenol,Thymol, caryophyllene oxideProteins p53, protein bcl-2     [110]
69Sesamum indicum L.PedaliaceaeSesaminol glucosides   1-hydroxypinoresinol, antioxidant lignans α-Globulin     [111]
70Pinus cembera L.
Pinus cembra L.		Pinaceae     Limonene, β-phellandrene, α-pinene      [112]
71Pinus eldaricaPinaceaeFlavonoids   Proanthocyanins, Flavonols       [113]
72Pinus halepensisPinaceae  CarbohydrateMyristic, oleic and linoleic acids Terpenes, α-β-pinene, limoneneProtein     [114]
73Pinus nigraPinaceae     α-pinene      [115]
74Pinus pinea L.Pinaceae   Fatty acid Monoterpene, β-pinene      [116]
75Pinus sylvestris L.Pinaceae Naphthaleneacetic acidSucrose  Monoterpene, α-pinene   BenzyladeninePhenylalanine [117]
76Piper cubeba L.Piperaceae     Linalool, caryophyllene      [118]
77Piper nigrum L.Piperaceae Carboxylic acids,
2,4 tetradecadienoic acid		 Tetracosanoic acidAnthraquinonesCadinene, caryophyllene     Piperine, lkaloids[119]
78Oryza sativa L.Poaceae  Oligosaccharide   Glycoproteins, α1-acid glycoprotein   TryptophanIndole-alkaloid glucoside[120]
79Polyporus officinalisPolyporaceae Methyl jasmonate Hexacosanoic acids, pentadecanoic acid        [121]
80Anagallis arvensis L.PrimulaceaeSaponins           [122]
81Zizyphus jujuba
(Zizyphi Spinosi semen)		RhamnaceaeSaponins           [123]
82Prunus avium L.Rosaceous Phenolic acid, protocatechuic acid  Tannic acid, protocatechuic acidThymol,
carvacrol		      [124]
83Rubus fruticosus L.Rosaceous     Lanceol      [125]
84Nauclea sp.Rubiaceae 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, 2-oxopentanedioic acidCarbohydrates17-octadecynoic acid, ethyl esterPhenolics, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenolPhytol, terpenoids     Alkaloids[126]
85Citrus aurantium L.Rutaceae     Geraniol, a-terpineol   Methyl anthranilate  [127]
86Physalis alkekengi L.SolanaceaeGlycosides, physanosides   Luteolin6S,9R)-roseoside, (6S,9S)-roseoside, citroside A     Alkaloids, hyoscyamine[128]
87Styrax officinalis L.Styracaceae    EugenolTerpenoids, linalool      [129]
88Aquilaria malaccensis (Aquilegia vulgaris L., Aquilegia canadensis L., Aquilegia chrysantha,
Aquilegia glandulosa)		Thymelaeaceae   Fatty acid Caryophyllene oxide      [130]
89Trapa natans L.Trapaceae     (all E)-squalene      [131]
90Nardostachys jatamansiValerianaceae Nardin  CoumarinsSesquiterpenes     Alkaloids[132]
91Valeriana celtica L
Valeriana officinalis L.
Valeriana wallichii
(Valeriana italica, Valeriana tuberosa(3))		Valerianaceae 3-Methyl valeric acid Isovaleric acid, tetradecanoic acidLignans, caffeic acid derivativesValerenic acid, sesquiterpene, monoterpenoids    Amino acidsAlkaloids[133]
92Viola odorata L. (Viola etrusca)Violaceae     α-Pinen, xamphene      [134]
93Viola tricolor L.Violaceae  Mucilages  Saponins, carotenoids      [135]
94Vitis vinifera L.Vitaceae     Farnesene      [136]