The Effects of Mindfulness and Buddhist Meditation Coaching on Mental Health Outcomes in College Students

Table 2

Odds ratios and 95% CIs for the associations between baseline characteristics and improvements in ego identity and adult ADHD levels after meditation classes.

Individual characteristics	Adult ADHD		Ego identity
	Multivariate adjusted OR	value	Multivariate adjusted OR	value
Baseline level before meditation class	1.05 (1.03–1.08)	<0.01	0.98 (0.96–0.99)	<0.01
Sex
Men	1.12 (0.64–1.97)	0.69	3.04 (1.66–5.59)	<0.01
Women	Ref		Ref
Grade
Freshmen	Ref		Ref
Sophomore	0.61 (0.33–1.15)	0.17	1.06 (0.55–2.03)	0.53
Junior	1.44 (0.64–3.20)	0.09	2.13 (0.93–4.89)	0.08
Senior	0.61 (0.23–1.61)	0.34	1.05 (0.39–2.87)	0.65
Major
College of humanities and social sciences	Ref		Ref
College of science	1.30 (0.71–2.38)	0.47	0.63 (0.34–1.17)	0.17
College of arts and sports, others	1.19 (0.50–2.81)	0.43	2.10 (0.83–5.36)	0.48
College of education	3.58 (1.25–10.23)	0.03	5.48 (1.70–17.63)	<0.01
Adjusting to college life
Good	2.04 (1.05–4.00)	0.04	1.59 (0.82–3.09)	0.17
Poor	Ref		Ref
Socioeconomic status
First (highest)	1.62 (0.73–3.58)	0.56	1.78 (0.78–4.05)	0.21
Second	1.86 (0.82–4.20)	0.21	1.47 (0.63–3.42)	0.75
Third (lowest)	Ref		Ref
Religion
Protestantism, Catholic, atheism or others	Ref		Ref
Buddhism	2.05 (0.82–4.20)	0.13	2.58 (1.00–6.61)	0.05
Knowledge of Buddhism	1.02 (0.68–1.55)	0.91	0.73 (0.47–1.11)	0.14
Importance of religion in life	0.98 (0.75–1.27)	0.85	0.95 (0.73–1.25)	0.73