Citrus maxima (Brum.) Merr. (Rutaceae): Bioactive Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities

Table 3

Details of phytochemicals present in Citrus maxima.

Class	Compounds name	Plant parts used	References
Acridone alkaloids	5-Hydroxynoracronycine	Stem bark	[33]
	Buntanine	Root bark	[34]
	Citpressine-I, II	Stem bark and root bark	[33, 34]
	Citracridone-I, II	Stem bark and root bark	[33, 34]
	Citracridone-III	Stem bark	[35]
	Citrusinine-I	Stem bark	[33]
	Glycocitrine-I	Stem bark	[35]
	Grandisine-I and II	Stem bark	[35]
	Grandisinine	Stem bark	[33]
	Natsucitrine-II	Stem bark	[35]
	Prenylcitpressine	Stem bark	[33]
	Atalafoline	Stem bark	[28]
	Baiyumines A, B	Root bark	[36]
	Buntanbismine	Stem bark	[37]
	Buntanamine-A	Stem bark	[33]
	Caffeine	Flower	[38]
	Citbismines A, B, C	Root	[39]
	Citropone-A and -B	Root bark	[40]
	Geibalansine	Stem bark	[28, 41]
	Honyumine	Root bark	[42]
	Pumiline	Root	[4]
	p-Synephrine	Fruits and leaves	[43]
	Theobromine	Flower	[38]
	Theophylline	Flower	[38]
	Paraxanthine	Flowers	[38]
Benzenoids	Diphenylamine	Root bark, stem bark, fruit juice	[34]
	Methyl N-methylanthranilate	Leaves	[44]
	p-Hydroquinone	Root bark, stem bark, fruit juice	[34]
Carotenoids	Phytoene	Fruits	[45–47]
	α-carotene	Fruits	[45–47]
	β-carotene	Fruits	[45–47]
	β-cryptoxanthin	Fruits	[45–47]
	Lutein	Fruits	[48]
	Zeaxanthin	Fruits	[48]
	Lycopene	Fruits	[48]
Coumarins	5-Methoxyseselin	Root bark	[49]
	5-[(6′,7′-Dihydroxy-3′,7′-dimethyl-2-octenyl)oxy] psoralen	Fruit peel	[50]
	5-[(7′,8′-Dihydroxy-3′,8′-dimethyl-2-nonadienyl)oxy] psoralen	Fruit peel	[50]
	5-Geranoxy-7-methoxy-coumarin	Root and stem bark	[21]
	5-Demethyltoddannol	Stem bark	[33]
	Umbelliferone	Stem bark	[33]
	8-(3-Hydroxy-2,2-dimethylpropyl)-7-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one	Fruit peel	[50]
	Auraptene	Peel	[50]
	Bergamottin	Peel	[33]
	Buntansin	Stem bark	[33]
	Citrubuntin	Stem bark	[33]
	Columbianosides I, II	Fruit pericarp	[51]
	Crenulatin	Stem bark	[33]
	Epoxybergamottin	Peel	[50]
	Honyudisin	Stem bark	[34]
	Marmin	Peel	[50]
	Meranzin hydrate I, II, III, IV	Fruit pericarp	[51]
	Paniculin III	Fruit pericarp	[51]
	Scopoletin	Stem bark	[33]
	Suberenone	Stem bark	[33]
	Suberosin	Stem bark	[33]
	Ulopterol	Stem bark	[33]
	Umbelliferone	Fruit flesh, stem bark	[33, 52]
	Xanthoxyletin	Stem bark	[33]
	Xanthyletin	Stem bark	[33]
Constituents in essential oil (volatile constituents)	(Z)-Ocimene	Flower, peel, leaves	[53]
	4-Methyl-1-hexene	Flower, peel, leaves	[54]
	3,3-Dimethyl-1-hexene	Flower, peel, leaves	[54]
	Geraniol	Flower, leaves	[55, 56]
	Geranyl formate	Flower, peel, leaves	[54]
	Geranyl acetate	Flower, peel, leaves	[54]
	Limonene	Flower, peel, leaves	[53]
	Linalool	Flower, peel, leaves	[53]
	Nerol	Fruit peel	[57]
	Nerolidol
	Sabinene	Fruit peel	[53, 55]
	α, β-Pinene	Flower, peel, leaves	[53–55]
	β-Farnesene	Flower	[56]
	β-Myrcene	Flower, leaves	[53]
Flavonoids	Acacetin	Leaves	[58]
	Apigenin	Fruit	[59]
	Cosmosiin	Leaves	[28, 58]
	Diosmetin	Flavedo	[58]
	Diosmin	Flavedo, fruit juice	[58]
	Eriocitrin	Albedo	[58]
	Hesperidin	Peel, fruit juice	[60]
	Honyucitrin	Root bark	[58]
	Isosinensetin	Peel	[58]
	Luteolin	Fruit juice, leaves, peel	[58]
	Naringenin	Fruits peel	[61, 62]
	Naringin	Fruits peel	[61–65]
	Naringin 4′-glucoside	Flavedo, albedo	[28, 58]
	Narirutin	Fruit juice, peel, leaves	[60]
	Neodiosmin	Fruit juice, peel	[28, 58]
	Neoeriocitrin	Fruit juice, peel, leaves	[58]
	Neohesperidin	Fruit juice, peel, leaves	[60]
	Neoponcirin	Fruit juice, peel	[66]
	Nobiletin	Peel	[58]
	Poncirin	Albedo, leaves	[66]
	Quercetin	Fruit juice	[28, 58]
	Rutin	Peel, leaves	[58]
	Tangeretin	Fruit peel	[67]
	Nobiletin	Fruit peel	[67]
	Apigenin trimethyl ether	Fruit peel	[67]
	Sinensetin	Fruit peel	[67]
	5,7,3′,4′-Tetramethoxyflavone	Fruit peel	[67]
	5,7,8,3′,4′-Penta-methoxyflavone	Fruit peel	[67]
Phenolics	Ferulic acid	Fruit	[59]
	4-Hydroxycinnamic acid	Fruit	[59]
	Caffeic acid	Seed	[28]
	Gallic acid	Fruit	[59, 66]
	Vanillic acid	Fruit	[59]
Steroids	β-Sitosterol	Peel, root, fruit	[21, 65, 68]
	Campesterol	Peel, root	[21, 68]
	Daucosterol	Peel, root	[21, 68]
	Stigmasterol	Peel, root	[21, 68]
Triterpenes	Deacetynomilin	Seed	[28]
	Deoxylimonin	Seed, fruit, pulp	[28]
	Limonin	Seeds, fruit, peel, leaves	[69]
	Nomilin glucoside	Peel	[28]
	Nomilinic acid	Seed	[28]
	Obacunone	Leaves, seed, fruit pulp	[28]
	Obacunone glucoside	Seed	[28]