| | Activity | Extract/compounds | Dose and treatment period | Model | Results | Mechanism | Reference |
| | Anticancer | Essential oil, 11-keto-b-boswellic acid | 100 μl, treat, 24 h | T47D, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MCF10-2A | Reduced cell viability, elevated cell death, suppressed cellular network formation, disrupted spheroid development of breast cancer cells, caused the breakdown of multicellular tumor spheroids (T47D), no cytotoxity on MCF10-2A, inhibited caspases in the MDA-MB-231, anti-invasive | (+) cleaved caspase-3(−) caspase-8 p43/p41, caspase-9 p37/p35, pro-caspase-3, Akt, PARP, ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204), cdk4, cyclin D1 | [32, 35, 39] | | Essential oil, 11-keto-b-boswellic acid | 100 μl, treat, 24 h | MIA PaCa-2, Panc-28, BxPC-3, DANG | [35, 40] | | Essential oil | 30 μl, SQI, 3 days | Heterotopic xenograft mouse | Suppressed viability, reduced cell growth, antiproliferative, antiapoptotic, induced cytotoxicity, reduced tumor volume, anti-tumor | (+) Caspase-3 activation, apoptosis(−) cyclin D1, cdk4, caspase-8 p43/p41, caspase-9p37/p35, procaspase-3, PARP, Akt ser (473), ERK1/2(Thr202/Tyr204), proliferating | [42] | | 3 mL daily, oral, 25 months | A 52-year-old male with urothelial cell carcinoma | (+) No(−) AST, ALT, bilirubin, creatinine, BUN | | Methanolic extract, Boswellic acids | 6.25–100 μg/ml, incubated, 24 and 48 h | Human pancreatic (PANC1), colon (HCT116), lung adenocarcinoma (MOR), breast cancer MCF7 and MDA-MB-231, the human prostate cancer LNCaP, and SerBob cell lines | Inhibited tumor growth, anticancer, improved kidney and liver function, decreased tumor volume | (+)-(−)- | [55] | | Anti-tumor cytotoxicity, inhibited cell viability | | Anti-inflammatory | Essential oil | 0.3%, inhalation, 8 weeks | Ovalbumin-induced BALB/c mice allergic asthma | Reduced eosinophils, decreased goblet cell hyperplasia, inhibited hyperresponsiveness, anti-inflammatory, immunity | (+) Th1, IFN-γ, (−) Th2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, CD4+, CD3+/CCR3+, B220+/CD23+ | [51] | | Analgesic | Methanolic extract, essential oils, subfractions | 300 mg/kg, orally | Acetic acid-induced writhes and formalin-induced pain in mice | Analgesic, inhibited writhes, inhibited licking, and biting response | (+) No(−) No | [32] | | Antimicrobial | Essential oil | 0.1 ml, treat, 24 h | Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923; ATCC 6538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442; ATCC 9027), Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), Malassezia furfur (ATCC 14521) | Antifungal, antimicrobial | (+) No(−) No | [2] | | Resin essential oil | 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 g/100 ml1, 2, 3, 4 ml/100 ml, incubated, 15 days | Aspergillus flavus (SQU21), Aspergillus parasiticus (CBS921.7) | Inhibited microbial and aflatoxins, enhanced fungal growth, inhibited aflatoxin biosynthesis and secretion pathway | (+) Mycelial dry weights(−) Inhibited fungal growth and aflatoxins production | [4] | | Anti-Alzheimer | Essential oil, (+) pinene | 0.5 mg/ml, incubated, 15 min | AChE, Jack bean urease | Anti-Alzheimer’s disease, protected stomach ulcers | (+) No(−) AChE, urease enzyme | [50] | | Diterpenoids of ethanolic extract | 10 μM, incubated,1 h | Glutamate-induced toxicity rat cortical neurons, human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cellsAChE model | Neuroprotection | (+) No(−) No | [26] | | Boswellic acids, ethyl acetate fraction | 0.75 mM, 0.23, 0.46,0.93 mg/ml, incubated, 20 min | Anti-Alzheimer’s disease | (+) No(−) AChE | [18] | | Hepatoprotective | Diterpenoids of ethanolic extract | 10 μM, incubated,1 h | Paracetamol-induced HepG2 cells | Hepatoprotective, inhibited damage | (+) No(−) No | [25, 26] | | Methanolic extract | 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, oraly, 28-day | Safety and toxicological studies on rat | Reduced mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH), induced hypochromic normocytic anemia, may not be safe to use | (+)-(−)- | [55] | | Wound healing | Methanolic extracts | 10–20 μg/ml, incubated, 24 h | H2O2- induced injury on adult human dermal fibroblasts | Improved proliferation, migration, and wound healing process | (+) pERK/ERK(−) ROS | [56] |
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