Phytochemical Characteristics and Anti-Inflammatory, Immunoregulatory, and Antioxidant Effects of Portulaca oleracea L.: A Comprehensive Review

Table 1

Compounds isolated from P. oleracea.

Chemical class	Chemical compound	Parts of plants	References
Flavonoids	Portulacanones A–D	Aerial parts	[24]
	Kaempferol	Whole plant	[25]
	Apigenin	Whole plant	[25]
	Luteolin	Whole plant	[25]
	Myricetin	Whole plant	[25]
	Quercetin	Whole plant	[25]
	Genistein	Whole plant	[26]
	Genistin	Whole plant	[26]
Alkaloids	Oleracein A–E	Whole plant	[27]
	Oleorecins I and II	Stems	[27]
	(3R)-3,5-Bis(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2(1 H)-pyridinone	Aerial parts	[10]
	1,5-Dimethyl-6-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one	Aerial parts	[10]
	Trollisine	Aerial parts	[28]
	Adenosine	Whole plant	[27]
	Aurantiamide acetate	Aerial parts	[28]
	Aurantiamide	Aerial parts	[28]
	Scopoletin	Aerial parts	[29]
	Dopamine	Stem, leaf, and seed	[30]
	Noradrenalin	Stem, leaf, and seed	[31]
	Oleracone	Whole plant	[4]
Terpenoids	Portuloside A and B	Aerial parts	[32, 33]
	Portulene	Aerial parts	[34]
	Lupeol	Aerial parts	[34]
	(3S)-3-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol	Aerial parts	[33]
	(3S)-3-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-dien-3,7-diol	Aerial parts	[33]
	(2α,3α)-3-{[4-O-(β-D-Glucopyranosyl)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]oxy}-2,23-dihydroxy-30-methoxy-30-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid	Aerial parts	[35]
	(2α,3α)-2,23,30-Trihydroxy-3-[(β-D-xylopyranosyl)oxy]olean-12-en-28-oic acid	Aerial parts	[35]
	Friedelane	Aerial parts	[35]
Carotenoids	α-Carotene	Leaf	[36]
	β-Carotene	Leaf	[37]
	Lutein	Leaf	[36]
	Zeaxanthin	Leaf	[36]
Fatty acids	α-Linolenic acid	Leaf	[38]
	Linolenic acid	Leaf	[39]
	Palmitic acid	Leaf	[37]
	Stearic acid	Leaf	[37]
	Oleic acid	Leaf	[37]
	p-Coumaric acid	Whole plant	[27]
	Ferulic acid	Whole plant	[27]
	Docosapentaenoic acid	Stem	[39]
	Eicosapentaenoic acid		[40]
	Docosahexaenoic acid		[40]
	Catechol		[40]
	Caffeic acid	Aerial parts	[41]
	Oxalic acid	Leaf	[42]
	Lonchocarpic acid		[29]
Vitamins	Vitamin A	Leaf	[39]
	B-complex	Leaf	[39]
	Vitamin C	Leaf	[39]
	α-Tocopherol	Leaf	[37]
	Hesperidin	Leaf	[43]
Minerals	Potassium	Stem and leaf	[44]
	Magnesium	Leaf	[39]
	Calcium	Root, stem, and leaf	[44]
	Manganese	Root, stem, and leaf	[44]
	Phosphorus	Root, stem, and leaf	[44]
	Copper	Root, stem, and leaf	[39]
	Selenium	Leaf	[39]
	Zinc	Leaf	[44]
	Iron	Root, stem, and leaf	[44]
Carbohydrates	Polysaccharides	Aerial parts	[45]
Glycosphingolipids	Portulacerebroside A	Aerial parts	[46]
Enzymes	Glutathione	Leaf	[37]
Pigments	Chlorophyll	Root and leaf	[40]
Hormones	Melatonin	Leaf	[38]