Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Phytochemical Characteristics and Anti-Inflammatory, Immunoregulatory, and Antioxidant Effects of Portulaca oleracea L.: A Comprehensive Review

Table 3

Antioxidant effects of P. oleracea and its constituents.


Extracts/constituents	Doses	Model of study	Effects	References

Aqueous, methanolic, and ethanolic extracts		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity and FRAP	[115]
Aqueous extracts of leaves, stems, and flowers		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[116]
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts	100–400 µg/ml	Free radical-induced hemolysis of RBCs in rats	↓ Rate of AAPH-induced hemolysis	[127]
	1200, 1800 µg/ml		↑ Lag time of AAPH-induced hemolysis
			↓ RBC damages
Ethanolic extract of leaves		In vitro	↑ ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity	[117]
Methanolic extract		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[118]
Methanolic extract		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[119]
			↓ Lipid peroxidation
Methanolic extract of leaves		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[120]
			Inhibition ratio of the linoleic acid oxidation
Methanolic extract		In vitro	↑ Electron donating ability and SOD-like ability	[121]
Fresh and dried hydroalcoholic extracts		In vitro	↑ ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity	[122]
Fresh and dried leaves		In vitro	↑ ABTS and DPPH scavenging capacity	[123]
Five fractions obtained from the crude extract		In vitro	↑ Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)	[124]
			↓ Lipid peroxidation
Aqueous juice	1.5 ml/kg, orally for 12 days	Normal rats	↓ Hepatic and renal MDA	[114]
			↓ Testicular nitrite/nitrate
			↑ Hepatic and testicular GSH
			↑ Hepatic, renal, and testicular SOD and CAT
Aqueous extract	100 and 200 mg/kg, intragastrically	High-fat diet-induced mice	↓ Blood TBARS	[125]
			↑ Blood GSH
			↑ Blood and liver SOD, CAT, and GPx
			↓ Liver ALT and AST
Aqueous extract	300 mg/kg, intragastrically for 5 days	Renal ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in rats	↓ ALT, ALP, and LDH	[126]
Ethanolic extract	0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15 g/kg, intragastrically for 30 days	Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic toxicity in rats	↓ ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT	[128]
			↑ SOD
Ethanolic extract of leaves	25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, orally	Alcoholic liver disease rat’s model	↓ AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT	[117]
			↓ TBARS and lipid hydroperoxides
			↑ Vitamin C, vitamin E, and GSH
			↑ SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST
Ethanolic extract	4 mg/kg, orally	Neurotoxicity induced by MeHg in cerebellum and cortex of rats	↓ TBARS	[129]
			↑ GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD
Fresh and dried leaves	200 and 400 mg/kg, orally for 3 weeks	STZ-induced C57BL/6J diabetic mice	↓ MDA	[130]
			↑ SOD
Fresh juice	300 mg/kg, orally	Paracetamol-induced hepatic toxicity in rats	↓ Hepatic TBARS content	[131]
			↑ GSH, CAT, and SOD
Hydroethanolic extract	1, 2, and 4 mg/mL	Asthmatic rat model	↓ MDA	[132]
			↑ SOD, CAT, and thiol
Purslane ethanolic extract and chicory water extract	100 mg/kg for each	Glucocorticoid-induced testicular and autophagy dysfunction in rats	↓ MDA	[133]
			↑ GSH, GST, and GPx
Seed extract	200 and 400 mg/kg	Acrylamide-induced testicular toxicity in rats	↑ SOD and GSH	[134]
			↓ MDA
Hydroalcoholic extract	25, 50, and 100 mg/L	In vitro	↓ Intracellular ROS	[135]
			↑ Motility of sperm
Hydroalcoholic extract	400 mg/kg	Thyrotoxic rat model	↑ Thiol, SOD, and CAT	[136]
			↓ MDA
Plant sterol ester of α-linolenic acid (PS-ALA)	0.1 mM PS-ALA	HepG2 cells induced by oleic acid	↓ ROS production	[137]
ALA	1, 10, 33, 49, and 64%, orally for 21 days	Rats fed sunflower, canola, rosa mosqueta, and sacha inchi oils	↑ GSH and GSSG, hepatic and plasma content of protein carbonyls, F-2 isoprostanes, TBARS, SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR	[138]
ALA	150 μg/kg	Amyloid-beta peptide-induced oxidative stress in rats	↓ MDA and NO	[139]
			↑ CAT activity and glutathione content in hippocampus
Quercetin		Iron-loaded hepatocyte cultures in vitro	↓ MDA and LDH	[140]
Quercetin	2.5, 5 and 7.5 µM	Copper-catalysed human LDL oxidation in vitro	↓ LDL oxidation	[141]
Quercetin		Human erythrocytes in vitro	↓ lipid peroxidation, hemolysis, and GSH	[142]
Quercetin	50 or 100 µM	Glucose oxidase-mediated apoptosis	↓ NF-kappaB, AP-1, and p53	[143]
Quercetin	10, 20, 50, 100, or 1000 µM	In vitro	↓ Hydroperoxides	[144]
Quercetin		In vitro	↑ FRAP and ABTS	[145]
Quercetin-loaded nanoparticles		In vitro	↑Anti-superoxide formation and DPPH scavenging capacity	[146]
			↓ Superoxide anion
Quercetin-loaded nanoparticles		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[147]
Quercetin	2%, orally for 21 days	Rats adapted to a semipurified diet supplemented with quercetin	↑ ABTS	[148]
Quercetin	15 mg/kg, i.p. for 4 weeks	STZ-induced diabetic rats	↓ MDA and NO	[149]
			↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx
Quercetin	75 mg/kg, i.p. for 10 days	Cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats	↓ MDA and PCO	[150]
Quercetin	50 mg/kg, for 10 days	Bile duct ligation-induced liver injury in rats	↑ Glutathione peroxidase	[151]
			↓ Oxidation of proteins
Quercetin	50 mg/kg, intragastrically	Normal rats	↓ Plasma antioxidant status	[152]
Quercetin	10 mg/kg, i.p. for 14 days	STZ-induced diabetic rats	↑ Brain GSH, hepatic GPx, hepatic lipid peroxidation, renal and cardiac GPx, and cardiac CAT	[153]
			↓ Hepatic GSH
Quercetin	50 mg/kg, i.p.	Ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats	↓ MDA	[154]
			↑ SOD, CAT, and GPx
Quercetin	100 mg/kg, for 14 days	Rat model of tramadol intoxication	Improved MDA, SOD, NOx in the heart, liver, adrenal, and kidney	[155]
Quercetin	50 mg/kg, orally	Radiation-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity in rats	↓ MDA level in the liver and kidney	[156]
Quercetin	10 mg/kg, gavage	Mice exposed to cigarette smoke	↓ Inflammatory cytokines	[157]
			↑ SOD and CAT
			↓ Myeloperoxidase
Quercetin	25 mg/kg, gavage, for 40 days	Dental pulp of the streptozotocin-diabetic rats	Improved CAT, SOD1, GPX1, and TAC levels	[158]
Seed oil	3–20 mg/ml	In vitro	↑ Hydroxyl free radical and DPPH scavenging capacity	[159]
Some component of leaves		In vitro	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[160]
Polysaccharide fractions; POP II and POP III		In vitro	↑ Antioxidant activities in cell-free radical generating systems and cell-mediated radical generating systems	[161]
Polysaccharide fraction	25 and 50 mg/kg, orally	STZ-induced diabetes in rats	↓ TBARS	[162]
			↑ GSH, GPx, CAT, and SOD
Phenolic alkaloids: oleracein A (OA), oleracein B (OB) and oleracein E (OE)		Hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[41]
			↓ MDA
Diet supplemented with leaves	240 g/kg of leaves, orally	Oxidative stress induced by vitamin A deficiency in rats	↑ DPPH scavenging capacity	[163]
			↑ GSH and GSSG

ABTS: antioxidant capacity determined by radical cation; FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power; TBARS: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; PCO: protein carbonyl; DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl; CAT: catalase, SOD: superoxide dismutase, MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH: glutathione; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; AAPH: 2, 2′ azobis (2-amidinopropane) hydrochloride; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; GSSG: glutathione disulfide; STZ: streptozotocin; ALA: alpha-linolenic acid.